“Adynaton”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Classical and Medieval usage

Adynaton was a widespread literary and rhetorical device during the Classical Period. In the Eclogue of Plutarch, there is a long list of proverbs and the first section is titled ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΑΔΥΝΑΤΩΝ, consisting of proverbs that are built on adynaton.^[4] The adynaton form was often used for vows and covenants, such as in the 16th Epode of Horace, 25-34.

Its plural form (adynata) was translated in Latin as impossibilia. A frequent usage was to refer to one highly unlikely event occurring sooner than another:

The Pumpkinification of Claudius

[5]

However it largely fell into disuse during the Middle Ages before undergoing a minor revival in the works of romantic poets, who would boast of the power of their love, and how it could never end.

Fiction, folklore and drama

Adynata are sometimes used within works of fiction or drama:

Part heat from fire, then, by that notion,

Part frost from snow, wet from the ocean!

Ask less!

|Henrik Ibsen, Brand}}

Impossible tasks appear often in legends and folklore, and can form elements of ballads, riddles and proverbs. Examples include: the tale of "The Spinning-Woman by the Spring",

Modern usage

Some modern adynata include:

In Bulgarian: когато цъфнат налъмите (kogato tsâfnat nalâmite, "when the clogs blossom")^[6] and когато върбата роди круши (kogato vârbata rodi krushi, "when pears grow on a willow tree").^[7] koga se pokači svinja s z´´lti čehli na krusa (when the pig in yellow slippers climbs the pear tree^[8]
in Dutch: Als Pasen en Pinksteren op één dag vallen ("when Easter and Pentecost are the same day");^[8] from a poem by Gerrit Komrij: "Eer maakt men lakens wit met inkt (...) dan dat ik (...) zeg wat ik thans lijden moet" ("Sooner will sheets be bleached with ink (...) than my suffering revealed by me"). "Op St. Juttemis" ("On St. Jutmas", i.e. the feast day of a nonexistent saint)
In English: When pigs fly!,^[9] and Not before Hell freezes over!^[10] and its derivative A snowball's chance in hell.^[11] When the moon turns to green cheese.^[12]
in Finnish: kun lehmät lentävät ("when cows fly") or kun lipputanko kukkii ("when flagpole blossoms") ^[13]
In French: Quand les poules auront des dents ("When hens grow teeth"), La semaine des quatre jeudis ("The week of the four Thursdays") .^[14] "À la St. Glinglin" (on the feast day of the nonexistent St. Glinglin); "Aux calendes grecques" (on the Greek Kalendae, which of course only existed on the Roman calendar)
In German: Wenn Schweine fliegen könnten ("When pigs can fly"); Wenn Ostern und Weihnachten zusammenfallen ("When Easter and Christmas coincide")^[15]
in Hungarian: majd ha piros hó esik ("when it's snowing red")^[16]
in Romanian: La Pastele Cailor ("on horses' Easter")^[17]
In Italian: Quando gli asini voleranno ("When donkeys fly").^[18]
In Latvian: Kad pūcei aste ziedēs ("When an owl's tail blooms")^[19]
In Malay: Tunggu kucing bertanduk ("when cats grow horns").^[20]
In Malayalam: "കാക്ക മലർന്നു പറക്കും (kākka malarnnu paṟakkuṃ)" ("When [the] crow will fly upside down").^[21]
In Polish: Prędzej mi kaktus na dłoni wyrośnie ("Sooner the cactus grows on my palm.").
In Portuguese: quando as galinhas tiverem dentes ("when chickens grow teeth"),^[22] quando chover canivete ("when it rains pocketknives"), nem que a vaca tussa ("not even if the cow coughs"),^[23] no dia de São Nunca ("on the day of St. Never").^[24]
In Russian: когда рак на горе свистнет (kogdá rak na goré svístnet, "when the crawfish whistles on the mountain").^[25]
In Serbian or Croatian: kad na vrbi rodi grožđe ("when grapes grow on a willow").^[26]
In Slovak: keď budú padať traktory ("when tractors will fall") or na svätého dindi ("On St.Dindi" probably taken from French.)
In Spanish: Cuando las vacas vuelen ("When cows fly"),^[27] instead of "las vacas" the words "los chanchos" are also used, replacing "the cows" with "the pigs" or, in Spain (presumably) there could also be used Cuando las ranas críen pelo ("When the frogs grow hairs") ^[28]
in Swedish: två torsdagar i veckan ("two Thursdays in the same week"). It is also said as "two Sundays in the same week", but other weekdays are rarely used.^[29]
In Turkish: balık kavağa çıkınca ("when fish climb poplar trees").^[30]
In Persian: vaght-e gol-e ney ("when bamboo blossoms") ^[31]

References

1. ^{{cite book|author1=Stephen Cushman|author2=Clare Cavanagh|author3=Jahan Ramazani|author4=Paul Rouzer|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKiC6IeFR2UC&pg=PA9|accessdate=24 September 2013|date=26 August 2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4142-4|page=9}}
2. ^Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part 2
3. ^ἀδύνατος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
4. ^p. 390. Rowe, Gary. 1965. The adynaton as a stylistic device. The American Journal of Philology 85.4:387-396.
5. ^William F. Hansen, Ariadne's Thread: A Guide to International Tales Found in Classical Literature, p. 98
6. ^{{cite book|author=Keti Nicheva|title=Bŭlgarska frazeologii︠a︡|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWkjAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=24 September 2013|year=1987|publisher=Nauka i izkustvo|page=99}}
7. ^{{cite book|author=M. Leonidova|title=Problemy strukturno-semanticheskoĭ tipologii bolgarskikh i russkikh frazelogizmov|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0rlAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=24 September 2013|year=1986|publisher=Gos. izd-vo Narodna Prosveta|page=155}}
8. ^{{cite book|author=Leon Gillet|title=Spaans Idiomaticum Herbekeken. Spaans-Nederlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vsonLriR6QwC&pg=PA185|accessdate=24 September 2013|publisher=Academia Press|isbn=978-90-382-1141-1|pages=185–}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=Christine Ammer|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9re1vfFh04sC&pg=PA709|accessdate=24 September 2013|year=1997|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=978-0-395-72774-4|page=709}}
10. ^{{cite book|author=Paul Heacock|title=Cambridge Dictionary of American Idioms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytJNRDL0zDgC&pg=PA184|accessdate=24 September 2013|date=22 September 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-53271-6|page=184}}
11. ^The Free Dictionary - not have a snowball's chance in hell. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.
12. ^¹)
13. ^kun lehmät lentävät - Sivistyssanakirja, synonyymit - Suomi Sanakirja. Suomisanakirja.fi. Retrieved on 2013-05-27.
14. ^{{cite book|author=Roy Fuller|title=Animal Idioms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sviFcrlqeeAC&pg=PA122|accessdate=24 September 2013|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Presses Univ. du Mirail|isbn=978-2-85816-539-1|page=122}}
15. ^{{cite book|author1=Derrick De Kerckhove|author2=Martina Leeker|author3=Kerstin Schmidt|title=McLuhan neu lesen: Kritische Analysen zu Medien und Kultur im 21. Jahrhundert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JTCpWP8x5wQC&pg=PA485|accessdate=24 September 2013|year=2008|publisher=transcript Verlag|isbn=978-3-89942-762-2|page=485}}
16. ^{{cite book|author=Éva Szabó|title=Hungarian Practical Dictionary: Hungarian-English, English-Hungarian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpNOCLJImNkC&pg=PA431|accessdate=24 September 2013|year=2005|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=978-0-7818-1068-5|page=431}}
17. ^{{cite book|author1=Mioara Avram|author2=Marius Sala|title=May We Introduce the Romanian Language to You?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScQcAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=24 September 2013|year=2000|publisher=Romanian Cultural Foundation Publishing House|isbn=978-973-577-224-6|page=157}}
18. ^{{cite book|author=Matthew Lawry|title=The Phonetic Guide to Italian: Learn Italian in about a Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl4c3sCkeqsC&pg=PA285|accessdate=24 September 2013|date=25 July 2012|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4772-1927-0|page=285}}
19. ^{{cite book|author=Dzidra Kalnin̦a|title=Angl̦u-latviešu, latviešu-angl̦u vārdnīca|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faxiAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=24 September 2013|year=2003|publisher=Avots|isbn=978-9984-700-90-8}}
20. ^{{cite book|author=Ainon binti Mohd & Abdullah bin Hassan|title=Kamus Peribahasa Kontemporari - Edisi Ke-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjoqNM19h_gC&pg=PA431|accessdate=24 September 2013|year=2005|publisher=PTS Professional|isbn=978-983-3376-38-4|page=431}}
21. ^{{cite web|last1=Kattakada|title=Malayalam Adynation|url=https://ml.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE|website=Wikisource|publisher=Wikimedia|accessdate=22 August 2015}}
22. ^{{cite book|author1=Cristina Mourón Figueroa|author2=Teresa Moralejo Gárate|title=Studies in Contrastive Linguistics: Proceedings of the 4th International Contrastive Linguistics Conference, Santiago de Compostela, September, 2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KifKo7OucM8C&pg=PA361|accessdate=24 September 2013|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Univ Santiago de Compostela|isbn=978-84-9750-648-9|page=361}}
23. ^{{cite journal|author1=Azussa Matsuoka|author2=Luciene Ferreira da Silva Guedes|title=Análise das construções idiomáticas negativas enfáticas|url=http://www.ufjf.br/revistagatilho/files/2009/11/azussa.pdf|journal=Gatilho|publisher=Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora|language=Portuguese|date=November 2009}}
24. ^{{cite book|title=Michaelis Dicionário de Expressões Idiomáticas|publisher=Editora Melhoramentos|year=2009|author1=Mark G. Nash|author2=Willians Ramos Ferreira|type=Dictionary|page=151|quote=when pigs fly Amer dit (...) Algo como: 'quando a galinha criar dentes'; no dia de São Nunca.}}
25. ^{{cite book|author=Agnes Arany-Makkai|title=Russian Idioms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6zlAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=24 September 2013|date=1 September 1996|publisher=Barron's|page=222}}
26. ^{{cite book|author=Željko Bujas|title=English-Croatian dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ebcXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA487|accessdate=24 September 2013|year=1999|publisher=Globus|page=487}}
27. ^{{cite book|author1=Rafael Ordozgoiti de la Rica|author2=Ignacio Pérez Jiménez|title=Imagen de marca|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FDwpMIpwSQC&pg=PA147|accessdate=24 September 2013|date=1 January 2003|publisher=ESIC Editorial|isbn=978-84-7356-342-0|page=147}}
28. ^“Cuando la rana eche pelos”… ¡y realmente lo hizo! ~ Culturizando. Culturizando.com. Retrieved on 2013-05-27.
29. ^{{cite book|author=Hjalmar Bergman|title=Samlade skrifter: Farmor och vår herre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5VMAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=24 September 2013|year=1952|publisher=Bonnier|page=137}}
30. ^{{cite book|title=Hacettepe University journal of the Faculty of Letters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5ppAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=24 September 2013|year=2001|publisher=Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi|page=50}}
31. ^[https://www.vajehyab.com/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA+%DA%AF%D9%84+%D9%86%DB%8C]

References and further reading

Dictionary of poetic terms Myers, J., Wukasch, D.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20080410011323/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/english/plummerj/adynaton.htm Some Notes on the Adynaton in Medieval Literature]
Ronald Grambo, Adynaton Symbols in Proverbs. A Few Fragmentary Remarks (s. 40-42). Proverbium 15. Helsinki 1970.
Martti Haavio, Omöjlighetssymboler i finsk epik (s. 73-83). Sed och Sägen 1956.
Henrik Ibsens Skrifter Brand. Peer Gynt. Universitetet i Oslo. H. Aschehoug & Co. (William Nygaard). Oslo 2007. {{ISBN|82-03-19002-2}}.

2 : Figures of speech|Poetic devices

Classical and Medieval usage

Fiction, folklore and drama

Modern usage

See also

References

References and further reading