| 词条 | Naravarman |
| 释义 |
| image = Naravarman PP.jpg | caption = Pillar in the Bijamaṇḍal, Vidisha with an inscription of Naravarman | title = Nirvana-Narayana | succession = King of Malwa | reign = {{circa|1094|1130 CE}} | predecessor = Lakshmadeva | successor = Yashovarman | dynasty = Paramara }} Naravarman (reigned c. 1094-1133 CE), also known as Naravarma-deva, was an Indian king from the Paramara dynasty, who ruled in the Malwa region of central India. The Paramara power greatly declined during his reign, as a result of multiple military defeats. Early lifeNaravarman succeeded his elder brother Lakshmadeva as the Paramara king.{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=359}} His inscriptions have been found at Amera near Udaipur (1093-1095 CE), Dewas (1094 CE), Bhojpur (1100-1101 CE), Nagpur (1104-05 CE), and Vidisha (undated). One more inscription was issued at Kadambapadraka (1110 CE), and was found in the possession of a resident of Bombay. H. V. Trivedi identifies Kadambapadraka with present-day Kamlikhedi (or Kamalyakhedi) village near Ujjain.{{sfn|Trivedi|1991|pp=114-120}} Military careerNaravarman lost some of his eastern territories to the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. He also suffered a defeat against the Chahamanas of Shakambhari. The Chahamana king Ajaya II captured his general Sollana. Ajaya also killed three noted warriors named Chachiga, Sindhula and Yashoraja, who appear to have been Naravarman's subordinates.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=39}}{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=357-358}} The Ingnoda inscription of 1133-34 CE indicates that there was an independent kingdom north-east of Ujjain. Its ruler Vijayapala bore the title Maharajadhiraja-Paramesvara. This indicates that the Paramaras had lost control of this area by the end of Naravarman's reign.{{sfn|Bhatia|1970|p=115}} Jayasimha Siddharaja, the Chaulukya king of Gujarat, also defeated Naravarman. In this campaign, Siddharaja was supported by his feudatories, the Chahamanas of Naddula.{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=357-358}} According to the Chaulukya chronicles written by Someshvara, Jinamandanagani and Jayasimha Suri, Naravarman was imprisoned by the Chaulukya king. However, other chroniclers such as Hemachandra, Arisimha, and Merutunga state that the prisoner was Naravarman's successor Yashovarman.{{sfn|Bhatia|1970|p=122}} The Chaulukya-Paramara war probably began during the reign of Naravarman, and ended during Yashovarman's reign.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=75}} Naravarman adopted the title "Nirvana-Narayana". An undated fragmentary inscription from the Malwa claims that a king called Nirvana-Narayana conquered territories as far as Himalayas in the north, Malayachala in the south and Dvarika in the west. However, this seems to be a conventional poetic description, and has no historical basis.{{sfn|Jain|1972|p=360}} Cultural activitiesNaravarman was a poet, and composed hymns to various deities and eulogies of his ancestors. The Nagpur Prashasti may have been composed by him.{{sfn|Pollock|2003|p=178}} He restored the Mahakala temple of Ujjain, and composed a hymn in the deity's honour.{{sfn|Pollock|2003|p=177}} Gold (5.2 g), silver (2.9 g) and copper coins issued by Naravarman have been found in Indore.{{sfn|Misra|2003|p=21}}{{sfn|Roy|1980|p=66}} According to the Rajatarangini, Naravarman gave asylum to the Kashmiri prince Bhikshachara, who had escaped a revolt. He brought up Bhikshachara like his own son, and trained him in use of arms and sciences.{{sfn|Stein|1989|p=20}} References1. ^CNG Coins [https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=88523] Bibliography{{ref begin}}
2 : Paramara dynasty|11th-century Indian monarchs |
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