| 词条 | National Catapult Contest |
| 释义 |
The National Catapult Contest was an annual, national competition held between 1966 and 1977 in Indianapolis, Indiana, which, over the course of its history, led to the creation of more than 100 modern catapults.[1] Teams of Latin students across the United States authentically recreated the catapults of Ancient Rome using materials and techniques that would have been available to the ancient Romans. The teams then transported their working catapults to Indianapolis, where they competed against each other toward the goal of hurling a 100-pound stone 100 yards. The inaugural firing of MARS I, the first catapult created for this purpose, was held on March 15, 1966, the Ides of March, a nod to the assassination of Julius Caesar, on the grounds of Park School (Indianapolis, Indiana), and was covered by the Huntley-Brinkley Report on NBC News. Though that first attempt only resulted in the hurling of a 103-pound rock three feet, by 1977, the year of the final National Catapult Contest, teams had successfully built authentic Roman catapults that routinely hurled rocks as heavy as 50 and 75 pounds more than 200 yards.[2] HistoryThe National Catapult Contest originated out of a simple directive from the Academic Development Committee of Park School in December 1965, which "urged the faculty to review continuously the content and method of their instruction," and "further, not to forego unusual methods of stimulating the interest and involvement of students." Acting on this directive, Bernard F. Barcio, then the Latin Master of the school, announced to his class that he would support them in the undertaking of a project of their choice, so long as it pertained somehow to Latin. According to Barcio, "It was then that sophomore David Leve suggested that the Latin II class (thirteen members in all) build an authentic Roman Catapult."[3] Under Barcio's leadership, a student team consisting of Andy SerVaas, David Leve, Mike Ryan, John Townsend, Geoff Reynolds, Richard Vonnegut, Laurel Woodard, John Katterjohn and Russ Staines" proceeded to undergo the construction of a catapult powered by rope and a 12-foot long wooden bow. Failure to LaunchInterest in the unusual project quickly spread through the school, and the larger community. The students predicted their catapult would be able to hurl a 100-pound rock 100 yards. The school even dubbed March 8, 1966, as their first annual "rock gathering day," which they used to locate a suitable projectile for the planned first firing of the war machine. Students eventually found "a 103-pound granite boulder" suitable for the purpose, which they named "Gaul Blaster." On March 15, 1966, the entire school, including parents, administrators and alumni, led by Mr. Barcio, marched out to the field in front of the school to fire the catapult. National media was present to record the event. Following a dramatic drum roll and bugle call by the Marian College bugle corp, the students fired the machine. The wooden bow sprang forward, emitting "an ominous cracking sound." Instead of flying 100 yards through the air, Gaul Blaster rolled pitifully off the bow, landing three feet in front of the catapult. Rather than deeming the event a failure, Barcio designated three feet as the first official modern world catapult record.[4] More Media CoverageOver the eleven years of the National Catapult Contest, the event was covered multiple times by national news media outlets.[5] In addition to the Huntley-Brinkley Report, it was covered by [https://twitter.com/patricktrese?lang=en Patrick Trese], a sports reporter for NBC, and appeared on [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1591598/ NBC News First Tuesday], hosted by Sander Vanocur, in 1969, and 1970, as well as on the NBC Chronolog series in 1971, and 1972.[6] David Dortch and Mary Hyde, winners of the first and fifth National Catapult Contests, respectively, appeared on the American Broadcasting Company program To Tell the Truth. Sports Illustrated covered the National Catapult Contest twice, once in a brief article in 1970, and again in a full length feature article titled "First among Those Who Cast Stones," written by Bruce Newman.[7] The Catpult Contest was also covered in Seventeen Magazine in May 1975, in an article titled "Catapult Fever...Hurling Boulders Is the Latest Craze."[8] CHRONOLOGYMarch 15, 1966Mars I (bentwood bow) built on the Park School campus on Colds Spring Road in the basement of the gym. Idea evolved in Bernard Barcio’s nine-member Latin II Class at the suggestion of David Leve (’68). Fired on the Ides of March, and covered by local media and by NBC producer Pat Trese, whose award-winning footage was shown on National News that same evening. A cracked bow allows the Gaul Blaster (rock) to only go 3 feet. Members of the class included John Katterjohn (Phillopos), David Leve (Oinophilos), Geoff Reynolds (Peracles), Mike Ryan (Alexandros), Andy Servaas (Odysseus), Russ Staines (Hector), John Townsend (Eros), Richard Vonnegut (Heracles), and Laurel Woodard (Homeros). October 1, 1966The Mars I is improved with a new bow and a sling, and Latin students traveled to Guelph, Ontario, Canada for the Centennial Celebration of the 11th Field Artillery Regiment. A bowling ball covered in plaster is fired 40 feet. (Bernard Barcio is now 28 years old) March 15, 1967Cold Springs Road Campus: “2 p.m. festivities, culminating in the Second Annual Firing of Mars I.” (Park School weekly schedule) March 15, 1968After Park School moves to new campus at Lilly Orchard, The Latin students once again fire the improved Mars I. The catapult is then put on display outside the parking lot entrance to the new Gymnasium, along with the original Gaul Blaster rock, which was stolen shortly afterwards. The original bow was displayed with a commemorative plaque on the wall outside Mr. Barcio’s Latin class room at the north end of the first floor in what is now the Lower School Building. The bow was later put in storage but has since been misplaced. March 15, 1969Park fires the Mars I catapult, with it's new bow, for a final time. March 14, 1970Culver returns to the new campus, where a large parade precedes the competition. Park Latin students participating in the parade and firing of the Mars II catapult were: Lee Alig (Artemedorus), Fritz Anderson (Cinna), Kent Baker (Brutus), Charles Bookwalter (Hippocrates), Gary Cohen (Casca), Will Gould (Decius), Lance Hamilton (Caesar), Doug Hughes (Pulsator II), John Kimble (Metellus), Ed King (Sisyphos), Blaise Morton (Euripides), Tom Moses (Popilius), David Noling (Ermes), Jay Nyhart (Oedipos), Steve Scofield (Idiotes), John Simon (Pulsator I), Mark Thomas (Cassius), Karl Tauer (Zeus), and Clinton White (Achilles). The competition is covered in a brief article in Sports Illustrated (April 6, 1970) and again by Pat Trese for NBC First Tuesday. At the end of the school year, Mr. Barcio leaves Park for North Central H.S. March 15, 1971Park School merges with Tudor Hall to form Park-Tudor School. Latin Classes are now co-ed and on January 25, the students challenge Mr. Barcio’s North Central Latin students to compete on the Park-Tudor campus on the Ides of March. Park-Tudor Latin Students issuing the challenge signed only their Greek and Latin class names: Plato, Idiotes, Achilles I, Oedipus, Esipus, Appolodorus, Helena, Socrates, Nemo, Geminus, Eandros, Hermes I, Euripides, Zeus, Achilles II, Eros, Benigra, Hermes II, Alexandros and Aristotle. Their Latin teachers were signed as D. Coclea and A. Minimevadus. Mr. Barcio’s students build a new trebuchet, called Pacator. David Dortch (Spanish student) builds his own machine, the Ares I and defeats Park and North Central at the Park School Invitational. The event is covered on NBC Chronolog. The contest is also featured in the Brittanica Review of Foreign Language Education (1971, pp. 201-2), and in Campus Life Magazine (March, 1972) April 22, 1972Culver Military Academy hosts First National Catapult Contest on its campus in Marshall County, IN. Park-Tudor’s Spiro and Ares II, and North Central’s Pacator, Magnus Fiz and Hylus catapults are transported by the US Army Reserve at the invitation of the Pentagon. Thirteen Indiana catapult teams compete in festival atmosphere, while eight more in three other States call in their achievements. David Dortch of Park-Tudor wins the 1st National Catapult Contest with his newly designed Ares II. David is invited to appear on ABC’s To Tell the Truth, and the contest is once again covered on NBC Chronolog. April 14, 1973After competing at Culver, the Park-Tudor and NCHS Catapults are reassembled on Stafford Road (off Kessler Blvd) on property owned by Washington Township Schools. Innovation and competition continue “off campus” as other schools from central Indiana and Kentucky join the Invitational. Nationwide, 32 catapults were constructed in eleven states. Although David Dortch’s Ares II performed well, firing a 10 lb. rock 583 ft., Ft. Wayne H.S., wins the 2nd National Catapult Contest with its massive twisted rope catapult named Imperator. The competition is featured in Outdoor Indiana (1973), in The Stentor (published by the Michigan Classical Conference), in The Classical Outlook (February 1974), and in Campus Life Magazine (November 1973). May 11, 1974The contest, now sponsored by Pompeiiana, incorporated by Mr. Barcio with the help of Allen Clowes, Carl Dortch and Philip Kappes, is held on the Stafford Road catapult field as schools from around Indiana try to set new records, with the hope that some school’s catapult may eventually achieve the original goal of hurling a 100 lb rock 100 yards. Park-Tudor students enter their catapults Anteres and Phoenix I. Latin students in Pascagoula, MS, set a world record with their bent wood catapult, Rebelorum, firing a 1 lb. spear 668 Ft. Wayne H.S.’s Imperator wins the 3rd National Catapult Contest. NCHS Latin student, Mary Hyde, begins construction on her 30-foot trebuchet (reaching an overall height of 61ft.), called Zephyrus, but takes two more years to complete her machine. May 10, 1975The contest is once again held on the Stafford Road catapult field. Wayne H.S.’s Imperator sets two records, hurling a 20 lb. rock 369 ft., and a 30 lb. rock 280 ft. Wayne H.S. Latin students win the Forth National Catapult Contest. North Central’s Mary Hood continues to work on Zephyrus. The contest is featured in the magazine Seventeen (May 1975). May 15, 1976This year 41 machines in seven states competed… 22 of them in Indianapolis. Mary Hyde completes Zephyrus on the Stafford Road catapult field and sets a record, hurling 75 lb. rock 623 ft. North Central H.S. Latin students win the Fifth National Catapult Contest. The contest is covered in the New York Times (May 18, 1976, p. 31) and in Sports Illustrated (June 7, 1976, pp. 64 & 66). Mary Hyde is invited to appear on ABC’s To Tell the Truth. May 14, 1977Sixth and final year of the Pompeiiana-sponsored National Catapult Competition on the Stafford Road catapult field. Mary Hyde’s Zephyrus sweeps the national competition, setting all the records for a heavy weight trebuchet, hurling a 10 lb. rock 779 ft., and surpassing the goal set in 1966, by hurling Park-Tudor’s originally rejected “Flying Balls Mean Dying Gauls” 100 lb. rock 579 ft. Unfortunately, there was no local or national coverage of this final competition. Only home movies taken by Mr. Hyde recorded Mary’s record-setting shots. So long as the Stafford Road field remains undeveloped by Washington Township Schools, catapult remnants will, no doubt, remain visible among the weeds. Although all of Zephyrus’ shots are world records, Guinness declined to publish them because they do not want to encourage such a dangerous activity. Partial List of all Schools & Catapults built from 1966 – 1977 in the National Catapult ContestAndrew Jackson HS, South Bend IN, Sebenalis Arvada Senior HS, Arvada CO, Argo I Battle Ground Academy, Franklin TN, Otus & Ephialtus Bay Senior HS, Bay St. Louis, MS, Hercules Ben Davis HS, Indianapolis IN, *Machina Gigantum, Vesuvius Black River Falls HS, Black River Falls WI, Numerare De Ad Voluptaria Bonnibar Private School, Houston TX, Stella Sola I, Stella Sola II Brookhaven HS, Brookhaven MS, Bellator, Nessus, Sanguinarius Brownsburg HS, Brownsburg IN, Curvum Lignum, Jactura, Pegasus Chardon HS, Chardon OH, Lapidum Jaculator Culver Military Academy, Culver IN, Cerberus Edina West HS, Edina MN, Stirps Malorum Fort Hunt HS, Alexandria VA, Certa Mors Fort Morgan HS, Fort Morgan CO, Castor V Fulton Junior HS, Indianapolis IN, Faces Caelestes Grand Ledge HS, Grand Ledge MI, Americanus ‘76 Great Mills HS, Great Mills MD, T.R.S.H. Hattiesburg HS, Hattiesburg MS, Torqueator Horlick & Case HS, Racine WI, Aurora Nova John Glenn HS, Norwalk CA, Centurio I Laurel HS, Laurel IN, Spartania Lyman Hall School, Wallingford CT, Aeneas Lakeland HS, LaGrange IN, Neptune Mauston HS, Mauston WI, Albertus Sordidus, Arcum Frangetor, Brockman’s Wonded, Centurion, *Deus Jove, Ditis Cerberus, Ferox, Frangator, *Horologium Tintinnabulum, Insuper, Miles, Pluto I, Pluto II, Pluto III, Pluto IV, Pseudolus I, Quintus Arius, Saturn X, Saxum Gravissimum Iactatum, Scaevola, Terror Inferorum, Titanus Miami-Palmetto HS, Miami FL, Panthereus Lapidator Miami Springs HS, Miami Springs FL, Maxima Vis Mishawaka HS, Mishawaka IN, Mercury I Mount Vernon HS, Fortville IN, Catapulus, Mons Comfortus, Paulus New Haven Sr. HS, New Haven IN, Augustus North Central HS, Indidnapolis IN, Pacatur, Mangnus Fiz, Hylus, Scorpio, Argus Arboris, Argus Sagitarius, *ZephyrusNorth Knox HS, Edwardsport IN, Tormenta II Northeastern HS, Fountain City IN, Regina Latina Overton HS, Nashville TN, Sarpedon Park School, Indianapolis IN, Mars I & II Park Tudor School Indianapolis IN, Heracles, Spiro, *Ares II, Anteres, Pheonix Pascagoula HS, Pascagoula MS, *Rebelorum Portage HS, Portage IN, Invictus Riverside HS, Milwaukee WI, Machina Tigrum Roosevelt HS, Seattle WA, Apollo, Diana, Leo Primus, Vindex Seattle Prep School, Seattle WA, Panthera South Vigo HS, Terre Haute IN, Invictus I St. Ignatius HS, Cleveland OH, Ursus I St. Mary’s School, Rushville IN, *Machina Belli Taunton HS, Taunton MA, Phoenix Warren Central HS, Indianapolis IN, Eris, Pilactor Wayne HS, Ft. Wayne IN, Arculus, *Dux Parvus II, Dux Parvus IV, Gladiator, *Hastatus I, *Hastatus II, *Imperator, *Magnus Ignis, Orbitas, Pila Ignis, Saevitia, Saxum West Albany HS, Albany OR, Stanlius Unus Wheatridge HS, Wheatridge CO, Enceladua II Williamson HS, Williamson NY, *Felix Funditor, Rex Parvus Wilmington HS, Wilmington OH, Nuntius Mortis, Petrobolas * signifies World Record HolderThe Book on CatapultsBy 1974, the National Catapult Contest had grown so significantly that it required management by some type of official organization. To that end, Bernard F. Barcio, the Latin teacher who had originally founded the project, created a non-profit organization called Pompeiiana, Inc., the goal of which was to promote classical studies at the secondary school level. Pompeiiana managed the contest until after eleven years of competition, the National Catapult Contest ceased official operations in 1977. The following year, Pompeiiana published the first edition of the book Catapult Design, Construction & Competition.[9] This book presents a detailed account of the entire history of this event, including detailed diagrams demonstrating how the various types of catapults were designed and constructed, and a detailed list of records, which includes the participating students and schools, the dates, the weight of projectiles hurled, and the distances achieved. A second edition of the book was later published in paperback in 2006, and titled Catapult Design, Construction and Competition with the Projectile Throwing Engines of the Ancients.[10] Types of Catapults ReconstructedCounterweight TrebuchetThis type of catapult uses a swinging arm to hurl a projectile at a target. A cradle for the projectile is attached to the longest section of the arm, and a counterweight is attached to the shorter end. When the weight is released from the frame, it drops and causes the long arm to spring forward, launching the projectile forward. According to the official records of the National Catapult Contest, a catapult of this type named Zephyrus, built by students at North Central High School (Indianapolis), was the catapult that finally achieved the original goal of the projects, which was to hurl a 100-pound rock one hundred yards. In fact, Zephyrus hurled a 100-pound rock 579 feet—nearly twice the goal—in 1977. Additional Zephyrus records included hurling a 40-pound rock 798 feet, a 50-pound rock 750 feet, and a 75-pound rock 623 feet.[11] Twisted Rope, or Torsion siege engineThis type of catapult utilized a mechanism similar to that of a cross-bow, with a spring-loaded device attached to ropes. The rope is pulled back and made taught then when triggered, springs forward launching a projectile such as a spear or a stone. In 1977, the twisted rope catapult named Remus II, built by students at Eastwood High School in Indianapolis, set a National Catapult Contest record by hurling a 1-pound spear 701 feet.[12] Bent WoodSimilar to the trebuchet, the best wood variety of catapult uses a wooden arm to hurl a projectile. In this case, the wooden arm is pulled back, or bent, so that enough tension is built up that when released. A projectile is then set in a cradle at the long end of the arm so when the arm is released, it snaps back into place, hurling the rock forward. Mars I, the first catapult created for this project, was a Bent Wood machine. Records set by Bent Wood catapults during the National Catapult Contests include the Rebelorum machine, built by students at Pascagoula High School in Pascagoula, Mississippi, throwing a one-pound spear 668 feet, three inches in 1974, Horologium Tintinnabulum, built by students at Mauston High School in Maustin, Wisconsin, which hurled a ten-pound rock 96 feet, 8 inches, in 1975, and Machina Gigantum, built by students of Ben Davis High School in Indianapolis, which hurled a one-pound rock 186 feet, three inches, in 1977.[13] References1. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=w5-g-ZojtBEC&pg=PP15&lpg=PP15&dq=Catapult+Design,+Construction+%26+Competition&source=bl&ots=pPTrTzWq5e&sig=CF7qxmehHbAlB3Y7XTs0-PzfZ9A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyquPNhaPYAhVq2IMKHabkBok4ChDoAQgtMAE#v=onepage&q=Catapult%20Design%2C%20Construction%20%26%20Competition&f=false From the introduction to Catapult Design Construction & Competition, written by Bernard F. Barcio, published by Pompeiiana, Inc., 1978] 2. ^Catapult Design Construction & Competition, written by Bernard F. Barcio, published by Pompeiiana, Inc., 1978 3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=w5-g-ZojtBEC&pg=PP15&lpg=PP15&dq=Catapult+Design,+Construction+%26+Competition&source=bl&ots=pPTrTzWq5e&sig=CF7qxmehHbAlB3Y7XTs0-PzfZ9A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyquPNhaPYAhVq2IMKHabkBok4ChDoAQgtMAE#v=onepage&q=Catapult%20Design%2C%20Construction%20%26%20Competition&f=false From The History of the National Catapult Contest, Catapult Design Construction & Competition, Page 5] 4. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=w5-g-ZojtBEC&pg=PP15&lpg=PP15&dq=Catapult+Design,+Construction+%26+Competition&source=bl&ots=pPTrTzWq5e&sig=CF7qxmehHbAlB3Y7XTs0-PzfZ9A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyquPNhaPYAhVq2IMKHabkBok4ChDoAQgtMAE#v=onepage&q=Catapult%20Design%2C%20Construction%20%26%20Competition&f=false From The History of the National Catapult Contest, Catapult Design Construction & Competition, Page 6] 5. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1cVMaiPAW0 YouTube footage of NBC news coverage of the National Catapult Contest] 6. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=w5-g-ZojtBEC&pg=PP15&lpg=PP15&dq=Catapult+Design,+Construction+%26+Competition&source=bl&ots=pPTrTzWq5e&sig=CF7qxmehHbAlB3Y7XTs0-PzfZ9A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyquPNhaPYAhVq2IMKHabkBok4ChDoAQgtMAE#v=onepage&q=Catapult%20Design%2C%20Construction%20%26%20Competition&f=false From Media Coverage of Catapulting, Catapult Design Construction & Competition, Page 99] 7. ^[https://www.si.com/vault/1976/06/07/614883/first-among-those-who-cast-stones Sports Illustrated, June 7, 1976, pp 64 - 66] 8. ^[https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/1975-seventeen-magazine-peter-falk-171016705 Seventeen Magazine, May 1975, article index] 9. ^[https://www.amazon.com/Catapult-Design-Construction-Competition-BERNARD/dp/B0039OYJL0 Catapult Design, Construction & Competition, First Edition, on ebay] 10. ^[https://www.amazon.com/Catapult-Construction-Competition-Projectile-Throwing/dp/0977649709 Catapult Design, Construction and Competition with the Projectile Throwing Engines of the Ancients on Amazon books] 11. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=w5-g-ZojtBEC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=World+Records+in+Catapulting+and+the+Catapults+That+Have+Set+Them&source=bl&ots=pPTrTz0y0b&sig=OMBklpPFSWC1vVemJyyGjUXoI34&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-npbfnqPYAhWP0YMKHaFlAY0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=World%20Records%20in%20Catapulting%20and%20the%20Catapults%20That%20Have%20Set%20Them&f=false From World Records in Catapulting and the Catapults That Have Set Them, Catapult Design Construction & Competition, Page 13] 12. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=w5-g-ZojtBEC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=World+Records+in+Catapulting+and+the+Catapults+That+Have+Set+Them&source=bl&ots=pPTrTz0y0b&sig=OMBklpPFSWC1vVemJyyGjUXoI34&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-npbfnqPYAhWP0YMKHaFlAY0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=World%20Records%20in%20Catapulting%20and%20the%20Catapults%20That%20Have%20Set%20Them&f=false From World Records in Catapulting and the Catapults That Have Set Them, Catapult Design Construction & Competition, Page 13] 13. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=w5-g-ZojtBEC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=World+Records+in+Catapulting+and+the+Catapults+That+Have+Set+Them&source=bl&ots=pPTrTz0y0b&sig=OMBklpPFSWC1vVemJyyGjUXoI34&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-npbfnqPYAhWP0YMKHaFlAY0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=World%20Records%20in%20Catapulting%20and%20the%20Catapults%20That%20Have%20Set%20Them&f=false From World Records in Catapulting and the Catapults That Have Set Them, Catapult Design Construction & Competition, Page 13] 1 : Roman weapons |
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