| 词条 | National Movement of Rural Women |
| 释义 |
The National Movement of Rural Women (NMRW) is a nonprofit, grassroots organization founded in South Africa in 1990. It was formerly known as the Rural Women's Movement (RWM).[1] The purpose of NMRW was to give a voice to rural women in South Africa. Many women in the 1990s were not able to inherit land or speak freely about problems they faced in the community.[2] In addition, until 1994, married black women were considered minors by the law.[2] NMRW has also been a champion of the recognition of customary law.[3] NMRW has helped women set up their own methods of employment and to resist oppressive traditions in customary law.[4] NMRW is headquartered in Marshalltown.[5] HistoryThe Rural Women's Movement (RWM) was launched in 1990,{{Sfn|SPEAK|1994|p=6}} with Sizani Ngubane as the founder.[6] Another important person in the creation of RWM was Lydia Kompe, a trade unionist and rural women's advocate.[7] RWM worked as an umbrella organization to "mobilize over 500 women's groups."[8] With help from the Transvaal Rural Action Committee (TRAC), in June 1991, RWM drafted an organizational constitution.[9] RWM had several objectives in place by 1993, including increasing women's participation in village meetings or kgotlas, meeting with the government, changing "oppressive traditions," access to land for both single and married women, and women's representation in negotiations and government.[9] Because it was taboo, according to custom, for women to speak out in public meetings, those who "did speak out were often beaten by their husbands for doing so and over 50 per cent of RWM's membership faced domestic violence."[4] Another issue faced by RWM was illegal land sales and levies charged by traditional leaders.[10] In 2008, RWM obtained a lease for a farm near Mpophomeni township where they would be able to build a training facility.[11] Later, the RWM changed its name to the National Movement of Rural Women (NMRW).[1] ReferencesCitations1. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.womeninandbeyond.org/?p=9171|title=The Traditional Courts Bill is dead. Long live Sizani Ngubane!|last=Moshenberg|first=Dan|date=21 February 2014|work=Women in and Beyond the Global|access-date=17 September 2016|via=}} 2. ^{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201603011722.html|title=South Africa: Customary Marriage - Is the Law Working?|last=Moore|first=Elena|date=1 March 2016|work=All Africa|last2=Himonga|first2=Chuma|access-date=17 September 2016|via=}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Haffajee|first=Ferial|date=1999|title=South African: Blending Tradition and Change|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=2503480&site=ehost-live|journal=UNESCO Courier|volume=52|issue=11|page=33|doi=|pmid=|access-date=17 September 2016|subscription=yes|via=EBSCOhost}} 4. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Bachram|first=Heidi|date=2007|title=Power Surge|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=26753812&site=ehost-live|journal=New Internationalist|volume=|issue=400|page=9|doi=|pmid=|access-date=17 September 2016|subscription=yes|via=EBSCOhost}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://nmrw.org/|title=National Movement of Rural Women|last=|first=|date=|website=National Movement of Rural Women|publisher=|access-date=17 September 2016}} 6. ^{{Cite news|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/south-africa-gender-inequality-womens-rights-poverty-justice-democracy|title=South Africa: Law of the Land|last=Turley|first=Melissa|date=26 September 2012|work=Pulitzer Center|access-date=14 September 2016|via=}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/lydia-kompe|title=Lydia Kompe|last=|first=|date=14 February 2013|website=South African History Online|publisher=|access-date=14 September 2016}} 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kramer|first=Melinda|date=June 2006|title=Women's Global Green Action Network|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=21292457&site=ehost-live|journal=Earth Island Journal|volume=21|issue=3|page=16|doi=|pmid=|access-date=17 September 2016|subscription=yes|via=EBSCOhost}} 9. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Mann|first=Michelle|date=March 2001|title=Access to Land|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=4249217&site=ehost-live|journal=World & I|volume=16|issue=3|page=202|doi=|pmid=|access-date=17 September 2016|subscription=yes|via=EBSCOhost}} 10. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/articles/2012/07/09/talking-heads-a-lifetime-of-fighting-for-women-s-rights|title=A Lifetime of Fighting for Women's Rights|last=West|first=Edward|date=9 July 2012|work=Business Day BD Live|access-date=17 September 2016|via=}} 11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-408737921.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008194830/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-408737921.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=8 October 2016|title=Skills Training for Rural Women|last=Lee|first=Peta|date=8 April 2015|work=The Mercury|subscription=yes|access-date=19 September 2016|via=HighBeam Research}} Sources
External links
2 : 1990 establishments in South Africa|Women's organisations based in South Africa |
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