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词条 Natural hair movement
释义

  1. Definition and features

  2. Natural hair: History of Afro-descendants

  3. The natural hair movement today

  4. Branding "ethnic" hair

  5. Controversy

  6. Natural Hair Dictionary

      'Kinky" Hair  

  7. Filmography

  8. See also

  9. References

     Bibliography 

  10. External links

The natural hair movement is a movement which encourages women of African descent to keep their natural afro-textured hair. It originated in the United States during the 2000s.[1][2]

Definition and features

The movement designates black women (and black men) who wear afro-textured hair in its natural, coiled, kinky or tight curly state. The word 'nappy' has been subjected to denigration since the Atlantic slave trade. Thereafter, some Afrodescendants have positively taken the word back, considered in francophone countries as a backronym made up of 'natural' and 'happy'.[3][4][5][6]

These women give up "relaxing" and let their hair grow in its natural texture. Their hairstyles can vary by the adoption of hair twists, braids or even locks.[3][8] Not everyone who wears their natural hair chooses to forgo all (non-chemical) forms of straightening or styling. Additionally, "being natural" does not necessarily indicate a strict adherence to any particular type of product or styling regimen; nor should it be tied exclusively with certain social or political beliefs. Women (and men) choose to be natural for a wide variety of reasons.

Natural hair: History of Afro-descendants

{{further|Hair straightening|Relaxer|Good hair}}

The unconscious relationship that some Afro-descendants have with their afro-textured hair can be approached in a reverse chronological order.

Around 2005 an underground documentary film hit the independent film circuit called My Nappy Roots: A Journey through Black Hair-itage. The highly acclaimed film won multiple awards and played on the college circuit. With years of research, the film historically looked at the word "nappy"; My Nappy Roots chronicled over 400 years (and 200 hours of footage) of Afro hair culture starting in Africa through the middle passage, reconstruction the creation of the Black hair industry to current day 2008. It became the definitive film on the history, culture, and economics on Black hair. The urban story postulated the word 'nappy' came from the cotton plant, the small cotton ball inside the plant being called a 'nap'. The word 'nappy' was born because it resembled the texture of unkempt Afro-textured hair. In an effort to be more acceptable socially, it was more desirable to have straight hair like the dominant culture. Once mixed race children were born, Black people internalized that 'nappy' hair was 'bad', unacceptable hair. This historic film has never been publicly released. It was not until the public lawsuit in 2009 with Chris Rock's "Good Hair" that the concept of 'nappy' (and use of chemicals) was publicized worldwide. The world understood the concept of "good and bad hair" or "political hair" commonly referred to in the African American community. My Nappy Roots began screening to sold-out audiences worldwide. International screenings of the film, MNR and the organization called International Black Hairitage and the internet helped to introduce the word 'nappy' to Afro cultures that did not know the word or its meaning. From the US to UK, France, and Africa, some black women have realized that their nappy hair can be beautiful to them. This calls into question the subconscious internalized association "nappy = ugly"; they stop therefore to comply with the dominant aesthetic ideal of "beautiful hair = smooth hair".

This return to naturalness, at the organic era,[7][8] has been encouraged by the awareness of the harmful effects of relaxers on the scalp: Itches, red patches, burns, broken hairs or worse: alopecia (hair loss). However, among black women, 98% have had their hair straightened at least once in their lives, and relaxers have represented no less than 70% of the cosmetic purchases carried out by the population. In the 1980s–1990s, hair straightening was mainstreamed.[5]

During the 1970s–1980s, the ′Jheri curl′, another technique to loosen tightly curled hair, became fashionable in the African American community, popularized especially by some celebrities such as Michael Jackson, seen in the music video for his song Thriller.

During these same years, a new hairstyle appeared too: dreadlocks (naturally matted hair locks), popularized by Bob Marley and more generally by reggae music and the Rastafarian movement. This hairstyle can be a mark of social and spiritual distinctions: "The adoption of long or very atypical hair [can reflect] rebellion or a refusal of the dominant values."[6][9]

In the period between the 1960s–1970s, the racial segregation between the black and the white reigned in the United States. Angela Davis, a young human rights activist and member of the revolutionary movement Black Panthers created in 1966, made the Afro hairstyle famous. This dense and spherical hairdressing thus symbolized the emancipation and cultural affirmation of the African Americans. It was adopted by many stars like Diana Ross and the Jackson 5.[14][10][4][6][11]

A century earlier, in 1865, slavery was abolished at the end of the American Civil War. Nevertheless, black populations looked for straightening their hair, so as to move closer to the dominant aesthetics, if only to find employment. At the time, the most used instrument was the hot comb, until 1909, when Garrett A. Morgan invented a revolutionary relaxer cream.[10][4][9][12]

During the Atlantic slave trade, the conditions of servitude did not allow to take care of one's hair, which was subjected to denigration by the master: 'nappy' became a pejorative term.[13][14]

The deportation of millions of Africans made them separate from their originally aesthetic activities regarding hair care.[12]

In the ancestral traditions, hairdressing was "an activity during which the genealogies' history and many other cultural features were taught to children. Every African hairdressing was codified according to the ethnic group and by status."[10]

{{Quote|It is the loss of this instrument [the African comb], all the more valuable that it is essential to the nappy hair care, which was going to dissociate Black people from the nature of their own hair, considered therefore as "difficult to comb". ... The African was snatched from his comb when he was snatched from his native land and thus taken away from an irreplaceable cultural symbol, legacy, and accessory from his beauty culture.|author=Juliette Sméralda|source= Peau noire, cheveu crépu: l'histoire d'une aliénation}}

The natural hair movement today

For about ten years, thanks to Web 2.0, a growing number of people have been sharing their beauty advice via:

  • Blogs: Black Girl Long Hair,[1][15][16] Naturally Curly,[1][15][17] Curly Nikki,[1][18][19] Hair Lista,[15][37] Afrobella,[1][20][21] Un-ruly.com[22][23][24] in the US; Black Beauty Bag,[6][25][26][27] Afrobelle,[28][29] Ivy-Mag[50][30] in France
  • Facebook pages:
    • {{flag|United States}}: Natural Chica;[15][31][32]
    • {{flag|Quebec}}: Racines Crépues;[33]
    • {{flag|France}}: Révèle-toi,[50][34] Boucles d'Ébène,[35][59][60] Belle Ébène,[36][37] Natural Hair Academy,[3][64] Black and Beautiful;[65][38]
    • {{flag|Senegal}}: Astuces Beauté Africaine;[39]
    • {{flag|Ivory Coast}}: Nappys De Babi;[3][40][41]
    • {{flag|Cameroon}}: Les Bidouilles d'une Nappy,[14][40] So Natural So Me;[40][42]
    • {{flag|South Africa}}: My Fro & I;[43]
    • {{flag|Togo}}: Frisettes & Co.;[40]
    • {{flag|Mali}}: Nappys de Bamako;[44]
    • {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}: Nappy Girls du Congo Kinshasa;Suki na biso;
    • {{flag|Gabon}}: Nappy du Gabon;
    • {{flag|Guinea}}: Nappy de Guinée;
    • {{flag|Niger}}: Les Nappy Du Niger.[45]
    • {{Flagicon|Nigeria}} Nigeria: igbocurls, The Kinks and I, Chizi Duru, Geraldine The Great[46]
  • Forums: Beauté d'Afrik[47] in France; Long Hair Care Forum,[1][48]{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}[49] Black Naps[50][51] and Nappturality[52][53] in the US{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
  • Web-zines: Naturally Happy Hair[54] in the US; FashizBlack,[3][55] Afrosomething[56][57][58] in France; Afro Style Magazine[59] in the Netherlands
  • Videos: Beautiful Naturelle[3][60] in France
  • Youtubers: "naptural85[61]" ,"thechicnatural[62]", "journeytowaistlength[63]", "mynaturalsistas[64]", "Ariane Delicieusee[65]", "ItsMyRayeRaye[66]", "Jewellianna Palencia[67]" "harmonicurls[68]"

These websites have expanded the natural hair movement around the world so as to highlight the beauty of natural hair.[3][14][12]

Each woman has her own reason to retrieve her authenticity; some of them want to preserve their hair against aggressive hair styling methods such as weaves being too tight or harmful straightening chemical products. Other women simply prefer their natural hair in spite of the pressure from the dominant aesthetics.[10][4][5][40]

The natural hair movement has been encouraged by some stars who have abandoned straightening, allowing their natural hair to make a comeback. Among the natural icons, there are Beyoncé, Erykah Badu, Lupita Nyong'o, Solange Knowles, Janelle Monáe, and Viola Davis

In 2014 The Curly Girl Collective[69] held their first CurlFest, a now annual festival held in Brooklyn, NY that celebrates natural hair. Outside the US, several events have developed in order to accompany the natural hair movement, particularly in France and in Africa:

  • The salon Boucles d'ébène: A demonstration, has existed for ten years, dedicated to the black hairdressing and beauty.[3][70][71][72]
  • The Miss Nappy Paris′ competition: The election of "Miss Nappy" so as to promote the Afro hair beauty.[3][73]
  • The Massalia Nappy Days: Lectures, projections of documentaries and fashion shows.[74]
  • The Crépue d'ébène Festival at Abidjan (Ivory Coast): Dedicated to the natural beauty of the African woman and to the highlighting of the nappy hair.[75]
  • The Natural Hair Academy: Event to better understand the nappy hair, days of advice by speakers.[3][76]
  • The AfricaParis Festival: Dedicated to the "Afropean" culture.[3]

Branding "ethnic" hair

With the popularity of "going natural", hair care suppliers have seen a rapid decrease in the purchase of relaxers, the harsh chemical hair straightener. An industry that was once worth an estimated $774 million, relaxer sales have gone down 26% over the last five years, 2013 numbers report.[77] Relaxer sales have fallen to 38% between 2012 and 2017. Sales are estimated to decrease to 45% by 2019.[77]

Women who wear their hair natural are now spending more money on products that will achieve the best result for their hair, and hair care suppliers and markets are taking note. Black consumers represent a lucrative market for hair care suppliers, so the brands now have to adjust for the new hair movement.[77] Brands have greatly lowered their production of relaxers and instead now produce more natural-friendly products. In choosing what products to consume, black consumers rely heavily on social media to gauge results from others who have gone natural. They have done this by the use of YouTube videos as tutorials on how to use products efficiently and create reviews for potential consumers to watch. Popular brands and products include Shea Moisture, Deva Curl, and Carol's Daughter.[78]

Controversy

Many black women have faced push back from wearing their hair in naturally curly styles or other non-straight, protective styles. At the 2015 Oscars ceremony, Fashion Police star Giuliana Rancic commented that the hair of teen star Zendaya Coleman—who chose to wear locks on the red carpet—must have smelled of "patchouli oil or weed". This is in contrast to Rancic praising the look as "edgy" when worn by Kylie Jenner, a white woman.[79][80]

Many women have found that they are treated unjustly simply because of the natural way their hair grows. Natural hair can be deemed as "unprofessional", turning it into a fireable offense. For example, a 12-year-old student at a Florida Christian school with natural hair "was given one week to decide whether to cut her hair or leave the academy that she has attended since third grade" after she complained to school officials about being bullied by other students.[81] In March 2014, the Department of Defense issued a set of guidelines that banned all afros, dreadlocks, braids, and twists that were greater than {{frac|1|4}}" in diameter. Guidelines such as these clearly disproportionately affect and target those of African descent.[82] They later rolled back the guidelines that same year in August by allowing two-strand twists. The Army increased the size of permissible braids and removed the word "unkempt" from their guidelines.[83] In April 2016, a female Zara employee in Toronto was reprimanded for wearing her hair in a braided hairstyle, which resulted in her filing a complaint with the Ontario Human Rights Commission.[84]

Hair appropriation/cultural appropriation has been a huge issue within the natural hair community. Many non-women of color especially celebrities often wear African-American hair styles despite not knowing the history of the styles or without realizing that actions like this can be considered offensive. For example, [https://www.allure.com/story/kim-kardashian-fulani-braids-2018-mtv-movie-tv-awards Kim Kardashian] wore [https://www.africa.com/history-african-womens-hairstyles/ Fulani braids](originating from the Fulani tribe of West Africa) on three different occasions without properly acknowledging the source of these braids. She incorrectly referenced them as 'Bo Derek' braids' after Bo Derek an actress from the 1980's who wore Fulani braids in the 1979 film 10. Kim Kardashian received backlash especially from the black community but made no effort to correct or acknowledge her fault. Many women from the natural hair community took offense to this as black women have historically worn braided styles like this for years but haven't received the same praise or acknowledgement as Kardashian. Instead the women are overlooked and deemed 'unprofessional' or even 'ghetto'.

Natural Hair Dictionary

Several words are frequently used in the vocabulary of the natural hair movement:[85][86][87][88][89]

Creamy crack
Chemical relaxers. The term was coined with the thought that the use of relaxers is addictive for those women who strive for a permanently straight hair texture.
Coily
The texture characteristic of natural Type 4 hair, whereby the configuration of the strand resembles a small-diameter ink pen spring.[90]
Coils
A hairstyle achieved by taking small sections of wet or very damp hair and smoothing, while rotating the sections, one by one, from root to tip. Tiny styling combs or a finger are typically used.
Big chop
Cutting one's chemically straightened hair to let it grow in its natural texture.
Bantu knot
Hairstyle that consists of twisted hair rolled up into small buns. See Jada Pinkett Smith as Niobe in The Matrix series.
Transition
Period of time when one is transitioning from straightening their hair with heat/and or chemical products to wearing hair in it's natural state.
Protective hairstyle
Hairstyle that protects natural hair from the elements. Includes braids, extensions, wigs, and weaves. See Janet Jackson in Poetic Justice (film).
TWA (Teeny Weeny Afro)
Short Afro haircut. See Viola Davis.
Twists
Double strands of hair wrapped around each other.
Twist out
Hairstyle where twists are unraveled. See Corinne Bailey Rae.
Frohawk
Hairdressing similar to the mohawk hairstyle.
Shrinkage
Because natural hair is typically has different types of curls and textures, in its natural state it appears shorter than it would straightened.
Co-wash
Washing one's hair with conditioner instead of shampoo.
Wash and go
wash one's hair and going on about one's day. This means there is no drying or styling involved and the application of product is minimal (usually a moisturizer or anti-frizz serum). The wash and go is also sometimes referred to as the "shake and go" which further emphasizes the lack of actual styling involved.
//Braid">Braids: Hairstyle where hair is braided with extensions or with natural hair.
Braid out
Braids are unraveled.
//Dreadlocks">Dreadlocks : Matted or sculpted ropes of hair.
Senegalese twists
Also known as rope twists where synthetic hair is used and twisted in with the natural hair.
//Afro">Afro :A hairstyle created by combing the hair away from the scalp, allowing the hair to extend out from the head in a large, rounded:shape, much like a cloud or ball.

'Kinky" Hair

Tightly curled hair, tightly coiled hair or hair without defined curls.

Box Braids

A form of protective styling done through braiding synthetic hair along with real hair.This promotes hair growth and

protects hair from breakage and other damaging factors.

CornRows

A style of braiding/plaiting hair into narrow strips to form geometric patterns on the scalp. A form of protective styling.

Protective Style

"Any coiffure configuration that keeps your ends safely tucked away. These hairdos require very little daily upkeep and help strands stay moisturized.[91]"

Hair porosity

Natural hair can be low, high, or medium porosity there are many ways to find yours. First test would be to get a cup of room teamature water and take a clean hair strand out of ur head. If it floats after 15 minutes then your hair is low porosity. Low porosity hair cuticles are very tightly closed are don’t absorb water or product easily. If you hair sinks to the bottem of the cup you have high porosity. High porosity hair cuticles are very open and absorb water and product easily. Is your strand is in the middle of cup then you may be medium porosity. Medium porosity absorbs and gets rid of water, product, and moisture easily.

Hair types/typing considered curly/kinky

In order to best treat naturally curly hair, celebrity hair stylist Andre Walker created a hair typing system. This categorized hair into 4 categories based on how tight curls are coiled. Type 3a,3b,3c,4a,4b,4c antying above is considered “wavy” or straight. Different ethnicities have different types of curl patterns, curl patterns also vary from person to person therefore one must understand their curl type as an individual.

Filmography

  • Good Hair, movie directed by Jeff Stilson and produced by Chris Rock in 2009.
  • A Journey Through Black Hair-itage, movie directed and produced by Regina Kimbell in 2008.

See also

{{portal|sociology|culture|Fashion|society|African American|United States|Europe|Africa}}
  • Afro
  • Afro-textured hair
  • Afrocentrism
  • Black is beautiful
  • Discrimination based on hair texture
  • Black Panthers
  • Black feminism
  • Blaxploitation
  • Curly Girl Method
  • Internalized racism
  • Nappturality
  • Postcolonialism

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65. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCs_sVs7rVk5rGhJbMw9Quyw|title=Ariane delicieusee|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2018-12-03}}
66. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/ItsMyRayeRaye|title=ItsMyRayeRaye|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2018-12-03}}
67. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdsxL9744JvGyU7ClUc6QSQ|title=Jewellianna Palencia|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2018-12-03}}
68. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcQoKiLA3JlOxIV_fd6UMJg|title=harmonicurls|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2018-12-03}}
69. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.curlygirlcollective.com/|title=Curly Girl Collective {{!}} Celebrating the Beauty of Natural Hair|website=www.curlygirlcollective.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-04}}
70. ^1 Réseau Outre-Mer première, Aline Tacite, fondatrice du salon Boucles d'Ébène : "Nous chérissons nos cheveux crépus, frisés, bouclés et ondulés", 30/05/2015
71. ^1 Juliette Sméralda, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Wm1U69JgWcEC&pg=PA59&dq=boucles+d%27ebene&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAWoVChMIr9Gb8Y3UxwIVhTsUCh2INwBi#v=onepage&q=boucles%20d'ebene&f=false Du Cheveu défrisé au cheveu crépu], Broché, December 2012
72. ^Le Monde, Salon Boucles d’ébène (30 May – 1st June), 27/05/2015
73. ^FashizBlack, Océane Lebubura élue Miss NAPPY Paris 2015, 04/12/2014
74. ^Mediapart, 1ères Massalia Nappy Days : Marseille sous le signe de la créativité et de la beauté au naturel, 17/09/2014
75. ^FashizBlack, Abidjan accueille « Crépu d’Ebène », son 1er festival dédié aux cheveux naturels, 12/08/2014
76. ^1 Elle Belgique, La Natural Hair Academy : le rendez-vous des nappy girls, 17/03/2014
77. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.mintel.com/press-centre/beauty-and-personal-care/hairstyle-trends-hair-relaxer-sales-decline|title=Hair relaxer sales decline 26% over the past five years {{!}} Mintel.com|website=www.mintel.com|access-date=2016-04-18}}
78. ^{{Cite web|url=http://blacknaturalistas.weebly.com/products.html|title=Products|website=The Natural Hair Movement|access-date=2016-04-18}}
79. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/article/zendaya-blasts-giuliana-rancic-oscars-dreadlocks-fashion-police|title=Giuliana Rancic Clarifies Apology to Zendaya After Oscar Night Comments About Her Dreadlocks|website=PEOPLE.com|access-date=2016-04-18}}
80. ^{{Cite web|url=http://blacknaturalistas.weebly.com/cultural-appropriation.html|title=Cultural Appropriation|website=The Natural Hair Movement|access-date=2016-04-18}}
81. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.essence.com/2013/11/26/florida-school-threatens-expel-african-american-girl-wearing-natural-hair|title=Florida School Threatens to Expel African-American Girl for Wearing Natural Hair|date=2013-11-26|website=Essence.com|access-date=2016-04-19}}
82. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2015/09/women-fired-for-their-hairstyles/|title=Because Our Hair Is Always Political: 6 Black Women Fired For Their Hairstyles|website=Clutch Magazine|access-date=2016-04-18}}
83. ^{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/3107647/military-black-hairstyles/|title=U.S. Military Rolls Back Restrictions on Black Hairstyles|last=Rhodan|first=Maya|website=TIME.com|access-date=2016-04-19}}
84. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ballah-zara-discrimination-hairstyle-1.3527977|title=Zara employee accuses store of discrimination over her hairstyle|website=www.cbc.ca|access-date=2016-04-19}}
85. ^1 2 3 Le Point, Nappy, ce mouvement conquérant de la planète afro, 19/12//2014
86. ^1 L'Express, Parlez-vous le nappy?, 03/10/2012
87. ^Hellocoton, Le lexique Nappy, 21/04/2013
88. ^Audrey Davis-Sivasothy, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=WQAZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219&dq=%22big+chop%22+%22transition%22&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAGoVChMI5LT8w6e1yAIVS7QaCh3JtAIv#v=onepage&q=%22big%20chop%22%20%22transition%22&f=false The Science of Black Hair: A Comprehensive Guide to Textured Hair], SAJA Publishing Company, 11/04/2014
89. ^Leslie DuBois, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=__CSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT4&dq=%22big+chop%22+%22transition%22&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBmoVChMI-_PQ4Ki1yAIVSR8aCh3dtwSV#v=onepage&q=%22big%20chop%22%20%22transition%22&f=false Natural Beauty], Little Prince Publishing, 21/09/2014
90. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiamnaturally.com/glossary.html|title=As I Am Naturally|website=www.asiamnaturally.com|access-date=2018-09-10}}
91. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.popsugar.com/beauty/Protective-Style-Ideas-Natural-Hair-35906242|title=29 Protective Styles That Will Save You Hours of Styling Time|last=Cruel|first=Jessica|work=POPSUGAR Beauty|access-date=2018-12-04|language=en-US}}

Bibliography

  • Aliona L. Gibson, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=wMv2PQAACAAJ&dq=nappy&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBGoVChMIiNjHupauxwIVQbwUCh09wgKz Nappy: Growing Up Black and Female in America], Writers and Readers Ltd, 01/07/2000
  • Juliette Sméralda, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=qku5AAAAIAAJ&q=Peau+noire+cheveu+cr%C3%A9pu,&dq=Peau+noire+cheveu+cr%C3%A9pu,&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAGoVChMIk_qV3puuxwIVRlwaCh01RQBY Peau noire, cheveu crépu : l'histoire d'une aliénation], Jasor, 2004
  • Frantz Fanon, Peau noire, masques blancs, Seuil, 1952
  • Willie Lee Morrow, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=RfVCAAAAIAAJ&q=400+years+without+comb&dq=400+years+without+comb&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAGoVChMI4eGYkJ2uxwIVwlYUCh2dCQTE 400 Years Without a Comb], Morrow's Unlimited Inc., 1973
  • Ebony, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=PtsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA139&dq=nappy+means+kinky+natural+happy&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBGoVChMIjbi4sbezxwIVTF4aCh3lagta#v=onepage&q=nappy&f=false Natural hair – new symbol of race pride], Johnson Publishing Company, December 1967
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External links

{{Wiktionary|nappy|coil|curly|frizzy|kink|Afropean|Afropeanity}}{{Commons category|Afro-textured hair}}
  • {{Cite web |author=Chinwe |date=January 12, 2015 |title=The Natural Hair Movement in the '60s and '70s; How It Began and Why It Ended |url=http://blackgirllonghair.com/2015/01/the-natural-hair-movement-in-the-60s-and-70s-how-it-began-and-why-it-ended/ |publisher=Black Girl with Long Hair |access-date=March 31, 2017}}

the natural hair community is going so well in Nigeria and the name of my company is Cherish Your Rose Enterprise and it willing to take the nigeria hair business globally

2 : African-American culture|African-American hair
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