| 词条 | NAVAIR Spike |
| 释义 |
|name= Spike |image= |caption= |origin= United States |type= Miniature missile |is_ranged= |is_explosive =yes |is_missile= yes |is_UK= no |service= |used_by= |wars= |designer= NAVAIR |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= $5,000 |production_date= |number= |variants= |spec_label= |weight= {{convert|5.4|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |length= {{convert|25|in|mm|abbr=on}} |part_length= |width= |height= |diameter= {{convert|2.25|in|mm|abbr=on}} |crew= One |cartridge= |caliber= |barrels= |action= |rate= |velocity= |range= |max_range= {{convert|2|mi|km|abbr=on}}+ |feed= |sights= |filling= |filling_weight= {{convert|1|lb|g|abbr=on}} EFP |detonation= |yield= |armour= |primary_armament= |secondary_armament= |engine= |engine_power= |transmission= |payload_capacity= |fuel_capacity= |pw_ratio= |suspension= |clearance= |vehicle_range= |speed= {{convert|600|mph|km/h m/s|abbr=on}} |guidance= EO, SAL, Inertial |launch platform= }} The Spike, also called the Forward Firing Miniature Munition (F2M2), is a small missile developed by the USA Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division (NAWCWD), NAVAIR's Weapons Division. BackgroundThe Spike was developed in response to operational needs encountered during operations against asymmetric opponents. Guided missiles like the AGM-114 Hellfire fired from aircraft and FGM-148 Javelin used by infantry have disadvantages when used against insurgents in urban areas. They are both cost prohibitive at around $100,000 per missile, designed to be used against slow-moving heavily armored vehicles like tanks, while during the Iraq War they were employed against personnel and fast-moving unarmored vehicles. Also, because they are made to destroy heavy vehicles, they use large warheads that could inflict unnecessary collateral damage. The Spike was made to provide infantry with a shoulder-fired guided fire-and-forget missile system lighter and cheaper than the Javelin and produce light and more numerous weapons for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to carry.[1][2][3][4][5] DesignSpike was designed by the U.S. Navy, with assistance from DRS Technologies, and is proclaimed to be "the world's smallest guided missile." Initially made to be carried by U.S. Marines, with three missiles and the launcher able to fit in a standard backpack, it weighs {{convert|5.4|lb|kg|abbr=on}}, is {{convert|25|in|mm|abbr=on}} long, and {{convert|2.25|in|mm|abbr=on}} in diameter. The warhead weighs about 1 lb (450 gr) and employs the Explosively Formed Projectile (EFP) effect, made to penetrate before detonating. It is powered by a small rocket motor that gives it a range exceeding {{convert|2|mi|km|abbr=on}}. The missile is directed to its target by either an electro-optical (EO) or semi-active laser (SAL) seeker; the EO camera is similar to a basic cellphone camera, containing a 1-megapixel video camera that allows the shooter to select the area to engage in a fire-and-forget mode. The EO seeker cannot operate at night, so the SAL would have to be used. A third targeting mode is inertial, meaning the user can "snap and shoot" at a target without needing to lock on out to 200 meters. Both the Spike missile and reusable launcher each cost $5,000 and weigh {{convert|10|lb|kg|abbr=on}} loaded, compared to {{convert|49|lb|kg|abbr=on}} for a Javelin missile and fire control unit.[1][2][3][4][5] In addition to giving ground troops a light weight missile, the Spike could easily be adapted to fit onto vehicles, aircraft, and small boats. Medium UAVs have difficulty carrying missiles such as the {{convert|100|lb|kg|abbr=on}} Hellfire due to weight and thrust issues, so the Spike could be bolted on with less effects. Smaller size and less weight allows more missiles to be carried, and the smaller warhead provides lethality against soft targets with less chance of collateral damage. It can also be used by watercraft to defend against fast attack craft (FAC) and fast inshore attack craft (FIAC), where Spike's low cost enables more missiles to be available against large numbers of swarming targets. Although its warhead might not be able to destroy the boats, its superior accuracy would let it hit critical areas to knock them out of commission.[1][4][5][6] HistoryOn 26 May 2004, the Spike accomplished its first three controlled test flights. The reduced-smoke motor propelled the missile from the launcher with a barely visible smoke trail, accelerating the missile to {{convert|600|mph|km/h m/s|abbr=on}} in under 1.5 seconds.[7] On 12 April 2006, the Spike was launched at a 2-meter diameter target from 1,000 meters, impacting {{convert|8|in|mm|abbr=on}} from the center.[8] In May 2007, the Spike was fired at a moving vehicle target traveling {{convert|30|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} from 750 meters away, successfully tracking and hitting it.[9] On 12 February 2008, the missile went through a test firing from a mountaintop, simulating a UAV launch, and hit a vehicle target moving {{convert|20|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} from {{convert|1.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} away.[10] In 2012, ARDEC and NAWCWD engineers discussed combining the Palletized Protection System (PPS), which uses radar to detect airborne and ground-based targets and cues a mounted camera toward them, with the Spike to quickly engage targets detected. The Spike conducted an interception of an airborne target in June 2013 using this method, demonstrating its potential as a kill mechanism to accomplish the counter-UAV mission.[11] In December 2016, two Spikes integrated with proximity fuses demonstrated the capability of the missile to shoot down UAVs.[12] See also
References1. ^1 2 Smaller, Lighter, Cheaper - Defensenews.com, 31 May 2010 {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}2. ^1 U.S. Navy Develops EO Guided Spike - Defense-Update.com, 31 December 2010 3. ^1 SPIKE Shoulder-Launched Fire-and-Forget Guided Missile Kills Fast-Moving Threats - Defensereview.com, 19 June 2006 4. ^1 2 Navy develops 'world's smallest guided missile' - Navytimes.com, 23 February 2014 5. ^1 2 [https://www.wired.com/2008/10/more-bangs-for/ More Killer Drone Bangs For The Buck] - Wired.com, 9 October 2008 6. ^[https://www.wired.com/2014/02/navy-mini-missile/ Navy's Tiny 5-pound Missile Packs a Big Punch] - Wired.com, 28 February 2014 7. ^NAVY'S SMALLEST IMAGE-GUIDED MISSILE COMPLETES SUCCESSFUL TESTS - NAVAIR.Navy.mil, 27 May 2004 8. ^World's Smallest Guided Missile Hits Target - NAVAIR.Navy.mil, 19 April 2006 9. ^Demonstration of new missile technology continues at NAWCWD China Lake - NAVAIR.Navy.mil, 16 May 2007 10. ^Spike missile project records another successful demo at China Lake - NAVAIR.Navy.mil, 20 February 2008 11. ^NAWCWD develops forward-firing miniature munition ‘in-house’ - NAVAIR.Navy.mil, 4 February 2014 12. ^US Navy NAWCWD Shoots Down UAV with Spike Lightweigth Missile During Tests - Navyrecognition.com, 2 February 2017 2 : Missiles|Explosive weapons |
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