| 词条 | New Glenn |
| 释义 |
|name = New Glenn |image = New Glenn.svg |image_size = 50 |caption = |function = Partially reusable orbital launcher |manufacturer = Blue Origin |country-origin = United States |pcost = |cpl = |height = 2-stage: {{cvt|270|ft|m|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} |diameter = {{cvt|23|ft|m|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} |mass = |stages = 2 |capacities = |location = LEO |kilos = {{cvt|45,000|kg}}[1][1] }} |location = GTO |kilos = {{cvt|13,000|kg}}[1][1] }} |comparable = {{flatlist|
}} |status = In development |sites = Cape Canaveral LC-36Vandenberg Air Force Base |launches = |success = |fail = |partial = |landings = |first = |last = |stagedata = |type = stage |stageno = First |name = |length = |diameter = {{cvt|23|ft|m|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} |empty = |gross = |propmass = |engines = 7 × BE-4 |thrust = {{convert|3850000|lbf|MN|order=flip|abbr=on}} |SI = |burntime = |fuel = Methane{{\\}}LOX }} {{Infobox rocket/stage|type = stage |stageno = Second |name = |length = |diameter = {{cvt|23|ft|m|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} |empty = |gross = |propmass = |engines = 2 × BE-3U |thrust = {{convert|320000|lbf|kN|order=flip|abbr=on}} |SI = |burntime = |fuel = H2{{\\}}LOX }} The New Glenn (named for John Glenn) is a heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle in development by Blue Origin. Design work on the vehicle began in 2012. The vehicle itself, and the high-level specifications, were initially publicly unveiled in September 2016. New Glenn is described as a two-stage rocket with a diameter of {{convert|23|ft|m|0|order=flip|sp=us}}. Its first stage will be powered by seven BE-4 engines that are also being designed and manufactured by Blue Origin. Like the New Shepard suborbital launch vehicle that preceded it, the New Glenn{{'s}} first stage is designed to be reusable.[5] Blue Origin aims to launch New Glenn in 2021.[2] HistoryAfter initiating the development of an orbital rocket system prior to 2012, Blue Origin publicly announced their orbital launch vehicle plans in September 2015.[7] In January 2016, Blue Origin indicated that the new rocket would be many times larger than New Shepard even though it would be the smallest of the family of Blue Origin orbital vehicles.[8] Blue Origin publicly released the high-level design of the vehicle—and announced the name New Glenn—in September 2016.[5] Early development work on orbital subsystemsBlue Origin began developing systems for orbital human spacecraft prior to 2012. A reusable first-stage booster was projected to fly a suborbital trajectory, taking off vertically like the booster stage of a conventional multistage rocket. Following stage separation, the upper stage would continue to propel astronauts to orbit while the first-stage booster would descend to perform a powered vertical landing similar to the New Shepard suborbital vehicle. The first-stage booster was to be refueled and launched again, allowing improved reliability and with the goal of lowering the cost of human access to space.[10] The booster rocket was projected to loft Blue Origin's biconic Space Vehicle capsule to orbit, carrying astronauts and supplies. After completing its mission in orbit, the Space Vehicle was designed to reenter Earth's atmosphere and land under parachutes on land, to be reused on future missions.[10] Engine testing for the (then named) Reusable Booster System (RBS) launch vehicle began in 2012. A full-power test of the thrust chamber for Blue Origin BE-3 liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen upper-stage rocket engine (BE-3U) was conducted at a NASA test facility in October 2012. The chamber successfully achieved full thrust of {{convert|100000|lbf|kN|disp=x| (about |)|lk=out}}.[12] By early 2018,[13] it was announced that the BE-3U hydrolox engine would power the second stage of the New Glenn.[14] Orbital launch vehicleDesign work on the vehicle began in 2012, with the beginning of BE-4 engine development. Further plans for an orbital launch vehicle were made public in 2015. By March 2016, the rocket was referred to by the placeholder name of "Very Big Brother".[16] It was stated to be a two-stage-to-orbit liquid-propellant rocket,[7] with the launcher intended to be reusable.[18] In early 2016, Blue Origin indicated that the first orbital launch was expected no earlier than 2020 from the Florida launch facility,[16] and in September 2017 continued to forecast a 2020 debut.[20] The vehicle itself, and the high-level specifications, were initially publicly unveiled in September 2016. New Glenn was described as a {{convert|23|ft|m|0|order=flip|sp=us|adj=mid|-diameter}}, two- or three-stage rocket, with the first and second stages being liquid methane/liquid oxygen (methalox) designs using Blue Origin engines. The first stage will be powered by seven Blue Origin BE-4 engines, while the second stage was to have been powered by a single upper stage variant of that same basic design. The first stage is reusable and will land vertically, just like the New Shepard suborbital launch vehicle that preceded it. The third stage of the initial design was to have used a single BE-3 hydrolox engine.[5] Although these plans would subsequently change, the 2016 plans called for the first stage to be powered by Blue Origin's BE-4 single-shaft oxygen-rich staged combustion[22] liquid methane/liquid oxygen rocket engine, while the second-stage would be powered by a vacuum-variant of the BE-4, the BE-4U. Blue Origin announced that they intended to launch the rocket from Launch Complex 36, and manufacture the rockets at a new facility being built after 2015 on nearby land in Exploration Park. Acceptance testing of the BE-4 engines was also announced to be planned for Florida.[18] By 2018 the launch vehicle design had changed. It was announced that the New Glenn second stage will now be powered by two vacuum versions of the flight proven BE-3U tap-off cycle liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen rocket engine with a single B-3U engine for the third stage deep space option. A single BE-3 engine is being used in the suborbital New Shepard rocket.[3] The three stage booster variant was announced as no longer planned to be offered as an option.[4] Blue explained in the 12 September 2016 announcement that the rocket would be named New Glenn in honor of the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth, John Glenn.[5][5] Three weeks of wind tunnel testing of a scale model New Glenn were completed in September 2016 in order to validate the CFD design models of transonic and supersonic flight.[6][7] In March 2017, Jeff Bezos showed graphics of the New Glenn which had four large "strakes" (rotatable fins) at the bottom of the booster (not shown in the Sept 2016 images top right).[8] In the September 2017 announcement, Blue announced a much larger payload fairing for New Glenn, this one {{convert|7|m|ft|sp=us}} in diameter, up from {{convert|5.4|m|ft|sp=us}} in the originally announced design.[9] By mid-2018, the detailed design was not yet complete and the likelihood of achieving an initial launch by 2020 was being called into question by company engineers, customers and Reuters journalist Eric Johnson,[10] and also by "industry experts" and Ars Technica space journalist Eric Berger.[11] In February 2019, Blue indicated that no plans to build a reusable second stage are even on the company's roadmap.[34] In October 2018, the Air Force announced Blue Origin was awarded $500 million for development of New Glenn as a potential competitor in future contracts, including EELV Phase 2.[12] By February 2019, multiple launches for New Glenn had been contracted: five for OneWeb, an unspecified amount of Telesat, one each for Eutelsat, mu Space Corp and SKY Perfect JSAT.[13][37][9][14][14] Description and technical specificationsThe New Glenn is a {{convert|23|ft|m|0|order=flip|sp=us|adj=mid|-diameter}} two-stage orbital launch vehicle with a reusable first stage[14] and an expendable second stage.[15] An optional third stage was envisaged with a single BE-3U engine, and was planned as of October 2018.[43] The first stage is designed to be reusable for up to 100 missions,[1][1] and will land vertically, a technology previously developed by Blue Origin and tested in 2015–2016 on its New Shepard suborbital launch vehicle. The second stage will share the same diameter as the first and use two BE-3U vacuum optimized engines. It will use hydrogen/oxygen as propellant and will be expendable. This engine is manufactured by Blue Origin. The company has revealed the planned full operational payload capacity of the two-stage version of New Glenn as {{Cvt|13000|kg|lb}} to GTO and {{Cvt|45000|kg|lb}} to a 51.6-degree inclined LEO,[16] though the initial operating capability may be somewhat lower.[17] Dual-satellite launches will be offered after the first five flights.[18] Both stages will use orthogrid aluminum tanks with welded aluminum domes and common bulkheads. Both stages will also use autogenous pressurization.[17] The first stage will be powered by seven BE-4 methane/oxygen engines—designed and manufactured by Blue Origin—producing {{convert|3800000|lbf|kN|abbr=on|order=flip}} of liftoff thrust.[16] The second stage will be powered by two BE-3U engines, also designed and manufactured by Blue Origin. BE-3Us are an expander cycle variant of the BE-3 engine are explicitly designed for use in upper stages.[19] Preliminary design numbers from 2015 projected the BE-3U to have a vacuum thrust of {{convert|150000|lbf|kN|order=flip}}.[20] Launches of the New Glenn are planned to be made from Spaceport Florida Launch Complex 36, which was leased to Blue Origin in 2015.[5][16] A launch site at Vandenberg Air Force Base is also planned.[13] New Glenn will also be available for space tourism flights, with priority given to customers of New Shepard.[21] The first stage boosters of New Glenn are intended to be reusable, and will be recovered downrange on the Atlantic Ocean via the Blue Origin landing platform ship acting as a floating movable landing platform. The hydrodynamically-stabilized ship increases the likelihood of successful recovery in rough seas.[22] ManufacturingThe main assembly of the New Glenn launch vehicle will occur in the Blue Origin rocket manufacturing facility in Florida, near Launch Complex 36 which the company leased from Spaceport Florida. Tooling and equipment for the factory began to be ordered and built in 2015. In July 2018, the build of the largest device, a {{convert|51|ft|m|order=flip|sp=us|adj=mid|-tall}} × {{convert|136|ft|m|order=flip|sp=us|adj=mid|-long}} × {{convert|43|ft|m|order=flip|sp=us|adj=mid|-wide}} Ingersoll "Mongoose" cryogenic-tank and fairing fabrication machine, was completed after a three-year design/build process. It will be installed in the Florida facility in Exploration Park later in 2018.{{Update inline|date=January 2019}}[23] {{as of|2018|09}}, Blue had invested over {{USD|1 billion}} in its Florida manufacturing facility and launch site, and intends that much more going forward.[22] Launch servicesBlue will offer both single-payload dedicated flights and, after the fifth launch, dual-manifesting of large commsats to be transported to geostationary transfer orbit.[60] All contracted launches from the start will feature a reusable first-stage, so just like the practice in commercial aircraft transport, landing conditions can affect the timing and flight parameters of a launch.[60] Launch service customersBy 2018, Blue Origin had contracts in place with four customers for New Glenn flights. Eutelsat, Thailand startup mu Space Corp and SKY Perfect JSAT have geosynchronous orbit commsat launches planned after 2020, while internet satellite constellation fleet operator OneWeb has an agreement for five launches.[24][14][25] In January 2019, Telesat signed a multi-launch contract "to launch satellites for its future low-Earth-orbit broadband constellation on multiple New Glenn missions" and thus is Blue's fifth customer.[26] Schedule-oriented launch cadenceBlue intends to contract for launch services a bit differently than contract options that have been traditionally offered in the commercial launch market. The company has stated they will contract to aim to have a regular launch cadence of up to eight times a year. If one of the payload providers for a multi-payload launch is not ready on time, Blue will hold to the launch timeframe, and fly the remaining payloads on time at no increase in price.[27] This is different from how dual-launch manifested contracts have been traditionally handled by Arianespace (Ariane V and Ariane 6) and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (H-IIA and H3). SpaceX and International Launch Services can offer dual-launch contracts, but prefer dedicated missions.[27] FundingThe development and manufacture of the New Glenn is being funded by Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon.com, and the US Air Force.[5][28] New Glenn will receive $500 million in funding under the National Security Space Launch (NSSL) program.[29] By September 2017, Bezos had invested {{USD|2.5 billion}} into New Glenn.[9] As of 2018, Blue was aggressively hiring new talent, including 60 engineers who worked previously at SpaceX, to focus principally on New Glenn development.[10] See also{{colbegin}}
References1. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://spacenews.com/eutelsat-first-customer-for-blue-origins-new-glenn/ |title=Eutelsat first customer for Blue Origin's New Glenn |work=SpaceNews |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=March 7, 2017}} [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/blue-origin-resets-schedule-first-crew-space-2019-first-orbital-launch-2021/|title=Blue Origin resets schedule: First crew to space in 2019, first orbital launch in 2021|author=|date=October 10, 2018|website=GeekWire|access-date=January 28, 2019}} 3. ^1 {{Cite news |url=http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-switches-engines-for-new-glenn-second-stage/ |title=Blue Origin switches engines for New Glenn second stage |date=March 29, 2018 |work=SpaceNews.com |access-date=March 30, 2018 |language=en-US}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/43065-blue-origin-new-glenn-rocket-design-video.html|title=Blue Origin Video Shows Off Updated Design of Huge New Glenn Rocket|first1=Mike|last1=Wall|first2=Space com Senior Writer ||last2=January 22|first3=2019 07:07am|last3=ET|date=|website=Space.com|access-date=January 28, 2019}} 5. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/13/business/meet-new-glenn-the-blue-origin-rocket-that-may-someday-take-you-to-space.html |title=Meet New Glenn, the Blue Origin Rocket That May Someday Take You to Space |work=The New York Times |last=Victor |first=Daniel |date=September 12, 2016 |access-date=September 13, 2016}} 6. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.geekwire.com/2016/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-new-glenn-wind-tunnel-tests |title=Jeff Bezos says Blue Origin's New Glenn orbital rocket aces wind tunnel tests |work=GeekWire |first=Alan |last=Boyle |date=September 26, 2016 |accessdate=October 11, 2016}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/JeffBezos/status/780348452064595968 |title=Exciting results... |work=Twitter.com |first=Jeff |last=Bezos |date=September 26, 2016 |access-date=October 25, 2016}} 8. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNcXhPIwA58 Jeff Bezos' interview at SATELLITE 2017 (23 min)], circa March 2017. 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |url=http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-enlarges-new-glenns-payload-fairing-preparing-to-debut-upgraded-new-shepard/ |title=Blue Origin enlarges New Glenn’s payload fairing, preparing to debut upgraded New Shepard |work=SpaceNews |first=Caleb |last=Henry |date=September 12, 2017 |access-date=October 25, 2017}} 10. ^1 {{cite news |last=Johnson|first=Eric M. |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-blueorigin/bezos-throws-cash-engineers-at-rocket-program-as-space-race-accelerates-idUSKBN1KO0HN |title=Bezos throws cash, engineers at rocket program as space race accelerates |work=Reuters |date=August 2, 2018 |access-date=August 4, 2018 }} 11. ^{{cite news |last=Berger|first=Eric |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/07/the-year-2020-could-see-the-unheard-of-debut-of-four-big-rockets-or-not/ |title=Four huge rockets are due to debut in 2020—will any make it? |work=Ars Technica |date=July 24, 2018 |access-date=August 6, 2018 |quote=a sense of urgency in Europe about the need to begin flying the Ariane 6 to become more competitive with the likes of SpaceX ... Like ArianeGroup, United Launch Alliance (ULA) has developed a new rocket with the intention to compete with SpaceX. }} 12. ^{{Cite news|url=https://spacenews.com/air-force-awards-launch-vehicle-development-contracts-to-blue-origin-northrop-grumman-ula/|title=Air Force awards launch vehicle development contracts to Blue Origin, Northrop Grumman, ULA - SpaceNews.com|last=Erwin|first=Sandra|date=2018-10-10|work=SpaceNews.com|access-date=2018-10-11|language=en-US}} 13. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/02/04/telesat-taps-blue-origin-to-launch-broadband-satellite-fleet/|title=Telesat taps Blue Origin to launch broadband satellite fleet – Spaceflight Now|last=Clark|first=Stephen|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-04}} 14. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/04/13/blue-origins-orbital-rocket-in-the-running-to-receive-u-s-military-investment/|title=Blue Origin’s orbital rocket in the running to receive U.S. military investment – Spaceflight Now|website=spaceflightnow.com|language=en-US|access-date=April 28, 2018}} 15. ^1 [https://twitter.com/jeff_foust/status/1095436342186647554] 16. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/03/blue-origin-releases-details-of-its-monster-orbital-rocket |title=Blue Origin releases details of its monster orbital rocket |work=Ars Technica |first=Eric |last=Berger |date=March 7, 2017 |access-date=March 8, 2017}} 17. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=|title=New Glenn Payload User Guide|last=|first=|date=October 2018|website=|publisher=Blue Origin|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 18. ^{{cite news |url=https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-to-offer-dual-launch-with-new-glenn-after-fifth-mission/ |title=Blue Origin to offer dual launch with New Glenn after fifth mission |work=Space News |first=Caleb |last=Henry |date=July 12, 2018 |access-date=July 12, 2018}} 19. ^[https://twitter.com/blueorigin/status/1028017095643209728 BE-3 test update], Blue Origin, August 10, 2018, accessed August 15, 2018]. 20. ^{{cite speech |title=ISPCS 2015 Keynote |first=Rob |last=Meyerson |event=ISPCS |date=November 13, 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kza02-74NzQ |access-date=November 14, 2015 }} 21. ^{{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/10/blue-origin-just-validated-the-new-space-movement |title=Blue Origin just validated the new space movement |work=Ars Technica |first=Eric |last=Berger |date=October 6, 2016}} 22. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |last=Burghardt|first=Thomas |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/09/new-shepard-blue-origin-billion-new-glenn/ |title=Building on New Shepard, Blue Origin to pump a billion dollars into New Glenn readiness |work=NASASpaceFlight.com |date=September 20, 2018 |access-date=September 22, 2018 }} 23. ^{{cite news |last=Guerrero |first=Isaac |url=http://www.rrstar.com/news/20180717/rockford-made-machine-to-build-parts-for-next-generation-rockets |title=Rockford-made machine to build parts for next-generation rockets |work=Rockford Star |date=July 17, 2018 |access-date=August 3, 2018 |quote=It took three years to design and manufacture the Sasquatch-sized machine, which stands 51 feet tall, 136 feet long and 43 feet wide. The machine ... will manufacture cryogenic tanks that will be filled with liquid oxygen and hydrogen to fuel rockets. The machine also will build fairings}} 24. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-signs-up-third-customer-for-new-glenn/|title=Blue Origin signs up third customer for New Glenn|author=|date=September 26, 2017|website=SpaceNews.com|access-date=January 28, 2019}} 25. ^{{cite news |url=http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-signs-sky-perfect-jsat-as-fourth-new-glenn-launch-customer/ |title=Blue Origin signs Sky Perfect JSAT as fourth New Glenn launch customer |work=Space News |first=Caleb |last=Henry |date=March 12, 2018 |access-date=June 28, 2018}} 26. ^{{cite news |last=Henry|first=Caleb |url=https://spacenews.com/telesat-signs-new-glenn-multi-launch-agreement-with-blue-origin-for-leo-missions/ |title=Telesat signs New Glenn multi-launch agreement with Blue Origin for LEO missions |work=SpaceNews |date=31 January 2019 |accessdate=2 February 2019 }} 27. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |last=Henry|first=Caleb |url=https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-to-offer-dual-launch-with-new-glenn-after-fifth-mission/ |title=Blue Origin to offer dual launch with New Glenn after fifth mission |work=SpaceNews |date=July 12, 2018 |access-date=August 5, 2018 |quote=Blue Origin’s McFarland said Blue Origin won’t let schedule disruptions with one payload impact the co-passenger in dual-launch missions, even if it means splitting the missions in two. “We are not going to [let this] hold back or delay a launch,” he said. “We are going for a cadence of up to eight times per year where we will launch. If we don’t have a second, we still go as a single. So that’s the plan, [with] the same price point for the launch service for the customer.” }} 28. ^{{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/09/did-the-fourth-richest-human-just-tease-plans-to-colonize-the-moon |title=Why Bezos' rocket is unprecedented—and worth taking seriously |work=Ars Technica |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=September 12, 2016 |access-date=September 20, 2016}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1658765/air-force-awards-three-launch-service-agreements/|title=Air Force awards three Launch Service Agreements|author=|date=|website=U.S. Air Force|access-date=January 28, 2019}} 30. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.blueorigin.com/about/about.html |title=About Blue |publisher=Blue Origin |accessdate=April 5, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325181227/http://www.blueorigin.com/about/about.html |archivedate=March 25, 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 31. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/bezos-announces-new-booster-florida-rocket-plant |title=Jeff Bezos plans to boost humans into space from Cape Canaveral |publisher=CBS News |first=William |last=Harwood |date=September 15, 2015 |access-date=September 17, 2015 |quote=Bezos: "You cannot afford to be a space-fairing civilization if you throw the rocket away every time you use it. ... We have to be focused on reusability, we have to be focused on lowering the cost of space."}} 32. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |url=http://www.geekwire.com/2016/jeff-bezos-lifts-curtain-blue-origin-rocket-factory-vision-space |title=Jeff Bezos lifts curtain on Blue Origin rocket factory, lays out grand plan for space travel that spans hundreds of years |work=GeekWire |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=March 5, 2016 |accessdate=March 9, 2016}} 33. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite news |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/09/blue-origin-new-glenn-orbital-lv |title=Blue Origin introduce the New Glenn orbital LV |work=NASASpaceFlight.com |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=September 12, 2016 |accessdate=September 13, 2016}} 34. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://newspacewatch.com/articles/blue-origin-tests-100k-lb-loxlh2-engine-in-commercial-crew-program.html |title=Blue Origin tests 100k lb LOX/LH2 engine in commercial crew program |newspaper=NewSpace Watch |date=October 16, 2012 |accessdate=October 17, 2012 |subscription=yes}} 35. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/19584-blue-origin-quiet-plans-for-spaceships.html |title=Blue Origin: Quiet Plans for Spaceships |work=Space.com |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=February 29, 2016 |accessdate=March 5, 2016 |quote=[Blue Origin is] already more than three years into development of our first orbital vehicle ... Though it will be the small vehicle in our orbital family, it's still many times larger than New Shepard. [we] hope to share details about this first orbital vehicle this year}} 36. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1409/17ulablueorigin/ |title=ULA taps Blue Origin for powerful new rocket engine |work=Spaceflight Now |first=Stephen |last=Clark |date=September 17, 2014 |accessdate=April 8, 2015}} 37. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://spacenews.com/bezos-not-concerned-about-competition-possible-ula-sale |title=Bezos Not Concerned About Competition, Possible ULA Sale |work=Space News |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=September 15, 2015 |accessdate=September 16, 2015}} }} External links{{commonscat|New Glenn}}
5 : Blue Origin launch vehicles|Space tourism|VTVL rockets|Proposed reusable space launch systems|John Glenn |
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