词条 | Bernabò Visconti |
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| name = Bernabò Visconti | title = Lord of Milan | image = Visconti, Barnabò.jpg | image_size = 165px | caption = | alt = Bernabò Visconti | CoA= | more = no | reign = 1354–1385 | predecessor = Giovanni Visconti (archbishop of Milan) | successor = Gian Galeazzo Visconti | succession = | spouse = Beatrice Regina della Scala | issue = Taddea Visconti, Duchess of Bavaria-Ingolstadt Viridis Visconti, Duchess of Austria Marco Visconti Rodolfo Visconti, Lord of Parma Ludovico Visconti Carlo Visconti Valentina Visconti, Queen of Cyprus Caterina Visconti, Duchess of Milan Agnese Visconti, Lady of Mantua Antonia Visconti, Countess of Württemberg Mastino Visconti Maddalena Visconti, Duchess of Bavaria-Landshut Aymonette Visconti Anglesia Visconti, Queen of Cyprus Giammastino Visconti Lucia Visconti, Countess of Kent Elisabetta Visconti, Duchess of Bavaria-Munich | full name = | noble family= Visconti | father = Stefano Visconti | mother = Valentina Doria | birth_date = 1323 | birth_place = | death_date = {{death date and age|1385|12|19|1323|df=yes}} | death_place = | burial_date = | burial_place= }} Bernabò or Barnabò Visconti (1323 – 19 December 1385) was an Italian soldier and statesman, who was Lord of Milan. LifeHe was born in Milan, the son of Stefano Visconti and Valentina Doria. From 1346 to 1349 he lived in exile, until he was called back by his uncle Giovanni Visconti. On 27 September 1350 Bernabò married Beatrice Regina della Scala, daughter of Mastino II, Lord of Verona and Taddea da Carrara, and forged both a political and cultural alliance between the two cities. His intrigues and ambitions kept him at war almost continuously with Pope Urban V, the Florentines, Venice and Savoy. In 1354, at the death of Giovanni, he inherited the power of Milan, together with his brothers Matteo and Galeazzo. Bernabò received the eastern lands (Bergamo, Brescia, Cremona and Crema), that bordered the Veronese territories. Milan itself was to be ruled in turn by the three brothers. The vicious Matteo was murdered in 1355 at the order of his brothers, who divided his inheritance between them. In 1356, after having offended the emperor, he pushed back a first attack upon Milan by the imperial vicar Markward von Randeck, imprisoning him. In 1360 he was declared heretic by Innocent VI at Avignon and condemned by Emperor Charles IV. The ensuing conflict ended with a dismaying defeat at San Ruffillo against the imperial troops under Galeotto I Malatesta (29 July 1361). In 1362, after the death of his sister's husband, Ugolino Gonzaga, caused him to attack also Mantua. Warring on several different fronts, in December of that year he sued for peace with the new pope, Urban V, through the mediation of King John II of France. However, because Barnabò neglected to return the papal city of Bologna and to present himself at Avignon, on 4 March 1363 he was excommunicated once more,[1] together with his children, one of whom, Ambrogio, was captured by the Papal commander Gil de Albornoz. With the peace signed on 13 March 1364, Visconti left the occupied Papal lands, in exchange for the raising of the ban upon a payment of 500,000 florins. In spring 1368 Visconti allied with Cansignorio della Scala of Verona, and attacked Mantua, still ruled by Ugolino Gonzaga. The situation was settled later in the year through an agreement between him and emperor. Two years later he besieged Reggio, which he managed to acquire from Gonzaga in 1371. The following war against the Este of Modena and Ferrara raised again Papal enmity against the Milanese, now on the part of Gregory XI. In 1370, he ordered the construction of the Trezzo Bridge, then the largest single-arch bridge in the world. In 1373, the pope sent two papal delegates to serve Bernabò and Galeazzo their excommunication papers (consisting of a parchment bearing a leaden seal rolled in a silken cord). Bernabò, infuriated, placed the two papal delegates under arrest and refused their release until they had eaten the parchment, seal, and silken cord which they had served him.[2] He managed to resist, despite also the outbreak of a plague in Milan, whose consequences he suppressed with frantic energy.[3] In 1378 he allied with the Republic of Venice in its War of Chioggia against Genoa. His troops were however defeated in September 1379 in the Val Bisagno. Bernabò, whose despotism and taxes had enraged the Milanese — he is featured among the exempla of tyrants as victims of Fortune in Chaucer's[4] Monk's Tale as "god of delit and scourge of Lumbardye" — was deposed by his nephew Gian Galeazzo Visconti in 1385. Imprisoned in the castle of Trezzo, he was poisoned in December of that year.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}} Bonino da Campione sculpted the equestrian statue of Bernabò Visconti for the church of San Giovanni in Conca around 1363. Its positioning near the church's main altar was regarded as highly problematic by contemporaries and it was commented on by poet and intellectual Petrarch among others. The equestrian statue was reused – with changes and additions carried out by the same Bonino in 1385-86 – as Bernabò's funerary monument in the same church. It is now preserved in the Castello Sforzesco in Milan.[5]An erratic small-size male head in marble now in the storerooms of Castello Sforzesco has recently been rediscovered and tentatively identified as a portrait of the elderly Bernabò. This work too has been attributed to Bonino da Campione.[6]ChildrenBernabò was an ally of Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria: three of his daughters were married with Stephen's descendants. He had 17 legitimate children with his wife Beatrice Regina della Scala:
His illegitimate offspring by Donnina del Porri, legitimated in a ceremony after the death of his wife in 1384,[7] were as follows:
In addition, Bernabò had other illegitimate offspring by other mistresses:[8] —With Beltramola Grassi:
—With Montanina de Lazzari:
—With Giovanolla Montebretto:
Ancestry{{ahnentafel|collapsed=yes |align=center | boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc; | boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9; | boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc; | boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc; | boxstyle_5 = background-color: #9fe; | 1 = 1. Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan | 2 = 2. Stefano Visconti, Lord of Milan | 3 = 3. Valentina Doria Doria | 4 = 4. Matteo I Visconti, Lord of Milan | 5 = 5. Bonacossa Borri | 6 = 6. Bernabò Doria | 7 = 7. Eliana Fieschi | 8 = 8. Teobaldo Visconti | 9 = 9. Anastasia Pirovano | 10 = 10. Squarcino Borri | 11 = 11. Antonia | 12 = 12. Franco Branca Doria | 13 = 13. Caterina Zanche | 14 = 14. Federico Fieschi, Lord of Genoa | 15 = 15. Chiara | 16 = 16. Obizzo Visconti | 17 = 17. Fiorina Mandelli | 18 = 18. Ubertus Pirovano | 19 = 19. Casati | 20 = 20. Lanfranco or Ruffino Borri | 21 = 21. | 22 = 22. | 23 = 23. | 24 = 24. Niccolò Doria | 25 = 25. Preziosa di Lacon | 26 = 26. Michele Zanche | 27 = 27. | 28 = 28. Tedisio Fieschi | 29 = 29. Simona della Volta | 30 = 30. | 31 = 31. }} Footnotes1. ^George L. Williams, Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes, (McFarland and Company Inc., 1998), 34. 2. ^For this, see Irving Wallace, David Wallechinsky and Amy Wallace, The Book of Lists 2(1980), Ealing, London, Elm Tree, 1980 and Corgi, 1981. {{ISBN|0-552-11681-5}} ; p 147, although here it says the incident occurred in 1370. 3. ^For his plague regulations for Milan, see Rosemary Horrox, The Black Death(1994) III.65, p 203. 4. ^Chaucer had been sent to Lombardy in 1378 on behalf of the young King Richard II to seek the support of Bernabò and Sir John Hawkwood on behalf of the English war effort against France. His epistola metrica III.29 was tacitly addressed to Bernabò (Ernest H. Wilkings, The 'Epistolae Metricae' of Petrarch, (Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura), p. 11). 5. ^{{cite book | last=Vergani | first=Graziano | title=L'arca di Bernabò Visconti al Castello sforzesco di Milano | publisher=Silvana | publication-place=Cinisello Balsamo, Milano | year=2001 | isbn=9788882153847 | language=it | oclc=231957454}} 6. ^{{cite book |chapter=Ritratto virile (Bernabò Visconti?) |first=L. |last=Palozzi |editor-last=Fiorio |editor-first=Maria |title=Museo d'arte antica del Castello Sforzesco |publisher=Electa |publication-place=Milano |year=2012 |isbn=9788837096038 |language=it |oclc=884276067}} 7. ^" Bernabò Visconti seems to have gone through some sort of marriage ceremony to legitimate his children by Donnina del Porri" (H.S. Ettlinger, "Visibilis et Invisibilis: The Mistress in Italian Renaissance Court Society", Renaissance Quarterly, 1994. 8. ^{{cite web |last=Marek |first=Miroslav |url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/italy/visconti2.html#B1 |title= Complete Genealogy of the House of Visconti |publisher= Genealogy.EU}}{{Self-published source|date=August 2012}}{{Better source|date=August 2012}} External links
9 : 1319 births|1385 deaths|14th-century Italian people|Assassinated Italian people|Burials at Milan Cathedral|House of Visconti|People excommunicated by the Catholic Church|People from Milan|Rulers of Milan |
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