“Afghan cuisine”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Rice dishes are culturally the most important parts of a meal, and therefore much time and effort is spent creating them. Wealthier families will eat one rice dish per day, and royalty spent much time on rice preparation and invention, as evidenced in the number of rice dishes in their cookbooks.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} Weddings and family gatherings usually feature several rice dishes, and reputations can be made in the realm of rice preparation.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}

Types of rice dishes

Rice is boiled in salted water, then drained and finally baked in a brick or clay oven with oil, butter and salt added. This method creates a fluffy rice with each grain separated, while a golden-brown caramelized crust of rice ("tahdig") develops at the bottom of the baking dish.

Palaw

Cooked the same as challow, but meat and stock, qorma, herbs, or a combination are blended in before the baking process. This creates elaborate colors, flavors, and aromas from which some rices are named. Caramelized sugar is also sometimes used to give the rice a rich brown color. Examples include:

Qormah

Qormah/Korma is a stew or casserole, usually served with chalau rice.^[1] It is always onion and tomato based; onions are fried, tomato is added, including a variety of fruits, spices, and vegetables, depending on the recipe. And finally the main ingredient is added, which can be meat or/and vegetables. The onion is caramelized and creates a richly colored stew. There are over 100 Qormahs. Below are some examples:

Note that Afghan Karahi (Curry) does exist. The difference between Qorma and Karahi is that unlike Qormah, Karahi is prepared in a wok like cookware in which all ingredients are added at the same time fried and then let simmer. While Qormah, oil and onion are caramelized first and then tomato and spices are added, and finally the main ingredient.

Mantu

Known as khameerbob and often eaten in the form of dumplings. These native dishes are popular, but due to the time-consuming process of creating the dough for the dumplings, they are rarely served at large gatherings such as weddings{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}, but for more special occasions at home:

Each family or village will have its own version of mantu and ashak, which creates a wide variety of dumplings.{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}

In the form of noodles, pasta is also commonly found in aush, a soup served with several regional variations.

Kebab

Afghan kebab is most often found in restaurants and outdoor vendor stalls. The most widely used meat is lamb. Recipes differ with every restaurant. Afghan kebab is served with naan, rarely rice, and customers have the option to sprinkle sumac or ghora, dried ground sour grapes, on their kebab. The quality of kebab is solely dependent on the quality of the meat. Pieces of fat from the sheep's tail (jijeq) are usually added with the lamb skewers to add extra flavor.

Other popular kebabs include the lamb chop, ribs, kofta (ground beef) and chicken, all of which are found in better restaurants.

Chapli kebab, a specialty of Eastern Afghanistan, is a patty made from beef mince. It is a popular barbecue meal in both Pakistan and Afghanistan. The word Chapli comes from the Pashto word Chaprikh, which means flat.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} It is prepared flat and round, and served with naan. The original recipe of chapli kebab dictates a half meat (or less), half flour mixture, which renders it lighter in taste and less expensive.

Quroot

Quroot (or Qoroot) is a reconstituted dairy product. It was traditionally a by-product of butter made from sheep or goat milk. The residual buttermilk remaining after churning of the butter is soured further by keeping it at room temperature for a few days, treated with salt, and then boiled. The precipitated casein is filtered through cheesecloth, pressed to remove liquid, and shaped into balls. The product is thus a very sour cottage cheese. Quroot is hard and can be eaten raw. It is typically served with cooked Afghan dishes such as Ashak, Mantu, and Kichri Qoroot, among others.

Other Afghan food items

Drinks

Doogh (also known by some Afghans as Shomleh/Shlombeh) is a cold drink made by mixing water with yogurt and then adding fresh or dried mint. Some variations of doogh include the addition of crushed or diced cucumber chunks. It is the most widely consumed drink in Afghanistan, especially during lunch time in the summer season. Doogh can be found at most afghan grocery stores and is served at several restaurants.

By region and ethnicity

Pashtun cuisine

Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group of Afghanistan, constituting roughly about 42% of the country population.^[6] A major dish in Pashtun culture is Sohbat, used in traditional gatherings and events.^[7]{{better source|date=March 2018}} other major Pashtun dishes (some of which overlap with other ethnicities and regions) include lamb-skewered sajji and chapli kebab. Dampukht is steamed meat khaddi kebab is the Afghan shashlik, grilled on an open fire on a spit.^[8]

Pashtun cuisine is meat-heavy and is often offered with caramlized Rice. There are regional variants. “Bolani” for example is called differently by Area in the West and South its often called “Borogyen” and North and East “Bolani”.

Common summer beverages include Shlombeh also known in Persian as Doogh a drink consisting of liquid yogurt, mint, Bedreng(Afghan cucumber). Sherbet is an ice sugared cold drink. Sheer yakh is a sweet ice-like product literally translating to Cold Milk.^[8]

Hazara cuisine

Hazara people in central Afghanistan (in the region of Hazarajat) and western Pakistan (Balochistan province) have their own food – Hazaragi cuisine. Since Hazara people share some similarities with neighboring regional cuisines, the food is mainly influenced by Central Asian, Persian and South Asian cuisines. However, the way of cooking and culinary methods are different in some of the dishes between these neighboring cuisines.

In Hazaras' cuisine, Hazara people used a large proportion of high-protein food such as meat and dairy products as well as a plenty of oil when cooking. Rather than a wide selection of dishes, their meal usually consists of only one type of food.^[9]

AASH – A healthy food has its own taste, one of the most common food in a Hazara cuisine's restaurant. Aash is easily made of flour, therefore, some housewives homemade assh and sell it to retails to earn money. As the main ingredient is flour, patients can eat it easily without any concern. It is also a feast food and served with minced meat, vegetable, and lenses at parties.^[10]

DALDA – The most favorite food for adults. People eat it with hands. It looks like Wheat when it is raw, but change the display after cooked. It served with some boiled oil in the middle and has its own taste.^[10]

NANTAR/YAKHNI – Yahkni can be a soup of kitchen, goat, cow or sheep. After putting some bread (nan) in the bowl with the soup, it become Nantar, refers to bread is wet. The food can be tasted with spoon, but it tasted better with hands.^[10]

HALWA-E-SAMANAK – Not an ordinary food, not easily made as you have to be strong enough to mix all the ingredience with spoon, but made it as daily food for dinner or lunch. Halwa refers to holidays like Muharram (holy nonth) or funeral.^[10]

Special occasions

Serving tea and white sugared almonds is a familiar custom during Afghan festivals.^[1] Eid-e-Qorban is celebrated at the end of the Haj, the pilgrimage to Mecca, when families and friends come visiting each other to drink a cup of tea together and share some nuts, sweets, and sugared almonds called noql.

History

Major foods

Rice dishes