“African-American newspapers”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

African-American newspapers are newspapers in the United States serving African-American communities. Samuel Cornish and John Brown Russwurm started the first African-American periodical called Freedom's Journal in 1827. During the antebellum South, other African-American newspapers sprang forth, such as The North Star founded by Frederick Douglass.

As African Americans moved to urban centers around the country, virtually every large city with a significant African-American population soon had newspapers directed towards African Americans. These newspapers gained audiences outside African-American circles. In the 21st century, papers (like newspapers of all sorts) have shut down, merged, or shrunk in response to the dominance of the Internet in terms of providing free news and information, and providing cheap advertising.^[1]^[2]

History

Origins

Most of the early African-American publications, such as Freedom's Journal, were published in the North and then distributed, often covertly, to African Americans throughout the country.^[3] By the 20th century, daily papers appeared in Norfolk, Chicago, Baltimore and Washington, D.C..^[4]

19th century

Some notable black newspapers of the 19th century were Freedom's Journal (1827–29), Philip Alexander Bell's Colored American (1837–41), the North Star (1847–60), the National Era, The Frederick Douglass Paper (1851–63), the Douglass Monthly (1859–63), and the Christian Recorder (1861–1902)^[5]

In the 1860s, the newspapers the Elevator and the Pacific Appeal emerged in California as a result of black participation in the Gold Rush. ^[6] In the late 19th century, the main reason that newspapers were created was to uplift the black community.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Many black people sought to assimilate into larger society and Northern blacks felt that it was their duty to educate Southern blacks on the mores of Victorian society.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} The African-American newspaper titled "The American Freedman" was a New York-based paper that served as an outlet to inspire African-Americans to use the Reconstruction period as a time for social and political advancement. This newspaper did so by publishing articles that reference African-American mobilization during the Reconstruction period that had not only local support, but had gained support from the global community as well. Many African-American newspapers struggled to keep their circulation going due to the low rate of literacy among African Americans. Many freed African-Americans had low incomes and could not afford to purchase subscriptions but shared the publications with one another.^[7]

The national Afro-American Press Association formed in 1890 in Indianapolis.^[8]{{sfn|Gonzalez|2011}}

20th century

African-American newspapers flourished in the major cities, with publishers playing a major role in politics and business affairs. Representative leaders included Robert Sengstacke Abbott (1870–1940), publisher of the Chicago Defender; John Mitchell, Jr. (1863–1929), editor of the Richmond Planet and president of the National Afro-American Press Association; Anthony Overton (1865–1946), publisher of the Chicago Bee, and Robert Lee Vann (1879–1940), the publisher and editor of the Pittsburgh Courier.^[9]

The national, Chicago-based Associated Negro Press (1919–1964) was a news agency "with correspondents and stringers in all major centers of black population."^[10]

There were many specialized black publications, such as those of Marcus Garvey and John H. Johnson. These men broke a wall that let black people into society. The Roanoke Tribune was founded in 1939 by Fleming Alexander, and recently celebrated its 75th anniversary. The Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder is Minnesota's oldest black newspaper and the United States' oldest ongoing minority publication, second only to The Jewish World.

21st century

Many Black newspapers that began publishing in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s went out of business because they could not attract enough advertising. They were also victims of their own substantial efforts to eradicate racism and promote civil rights. {{as of|2002}}, about 200 Black newspapers remained. With the decline of print media and proliferation of internet access, more black news websites emerged, most notably Black Voice News, The Grio, The Root, and Black Voices.

See also

References

1. ^Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E. Weems, eds. The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide (Greenwood, 2001). pp 216-30
2. ^Simmons, Charles A. The African American press: a history of news coverage during national crises, with special reference to four black newspapers, 1827-1965. McFarland, 2006. p2
3. ^Jacqueline Bacon, "The history of Freedom's Journal: A study in empowerment and community." Journal of African American History 88.1 (2003): 1-20. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3559045 in JSTOR]
4. ^Jacqueline Bacon, Freedom's journal: the first African-American newspaper (2007)
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://libguides.princeton.edu/c.php?g=84280&p=544320|title=LibGuides: African American Studies: Newspapers: 19th century|first=Steven|last=Knowlton|website=Libguides.princeton.edu|accessdate=25 October 2017}}
6. ^{{Cite web |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/Courses/313_AAW/313_manual_cp_03.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401082726/https://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/Courses/313_AAW/313_manual_cp_03.htm |archive-date=2016-04-01 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
7. ^{{cite book|last=Rhodes|first=Jane|title=Mary Ann Shadd Carry: The Black Press and Protest in the Nineteenth Century|year=1998|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington, In|isbn=0-253-21350-9|pages=120–123}}
8. ^{{Citation |publisher = Garland |isbn = 9780815323099 |title = Organizing Black America: an Encyclopedia of African American Associations |editor = Nina Mjagkij |publication-date = 2001 }}
9. ^Patrick S. Washburn, The African American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom (2006).
10. ^{{citation |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1734.html |title=Associated Negro Press |work=Encyclopedia of Chicago |publisher=Chicago Historical Society |accessdate= March 20, 2017 }}