| 词条 | African forest buffalo |
| 释义 |
| name = African forest buffalo | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | image = African_Forest_Buffalo.jpg | genus = Syncerus | species = caffer | subspecies = nanus | authority = }} The African forest buffalo (Syncerus caffer nanus), also known as the dwarf buffalo and the Congo buffalo, is the smallest subspecies of the African buffalo.[1] It is related to the Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer), the Sudanese buffalo (Syncerus caffer brachyceros) and the Nile buffalo (Syncerus caffer aequinoctialis). However, it is the only subspecies that occurs mainly in the rainforests of central and western Africa with an annual rainfall around 1,500 mm.[2] DescriptionThe African forest buffalo is a smaller variety of African buffalo. Cape buffalo weigh anywhere from 400 to 800 kg (880–1760 lbs), whereas African forest buffalo are much lighter, weighing in at 250 to 320 kg (550–705 lbs).[1] Weight is not the only differentiation, however; this subspecies has a reddish-brown hide that is darker in the facial area. The shape and size of the horns distinguish forest buffalo from other subspecies. African forest buffalo have much smaller horns than their savanna counterparts, the Cape, Sudanese and Nile buffalo.[1][2] Cape buffalo horns often grow and fuse together, but forest buffalo horns rarely fuse. EcologyAfrican forest buffalo live in the rainforests of Western and Central Africa;[3] however, their home ranges typically consist of a combination of marshes, grassy savannas and the wet African rainforests. Savannas are the area where the buffalo graze, while the marshes serve as wallows and help with the insects.[4] Forest buffalo are very rarely observed in the unbroken canopy of the forests.[5][6] They instead spend most of their time in clearings, grazing on grasses and sedges.[7] Consequently, their diet is primarily made up of grasses and other plants that grow in clearings and savannas.[8] The mixture of habitats is essential for the forest buffalo. Expansion and encroachment of the rainforest on the surrounding savannas and openings are major difficulties of maintaining the ecosystem. Forest buffalo enjoy old logging roads and tracks, where the forest is thinner and grass and other foods can grow. In these areas forest buffalo depend on the grass that is able to develop as a result of the areas that have been previously clear-cut.[9] In some areas park management staff burn off the savannas on a regular basis to keep the rainforest from growing onto the savannas and changing the ecosystem of the area.[13] Large home ranges can be associated with less-productive habitats;[10] however, a larger area of open grassland has been observed to have a positive relationship with herd size.[11] Home ranges remain remarkably constant and stable year after year. The only documentation of the actual home range boundaries of these animals is relatively recent, so only time will tell how these boundaries remain over large lengths of time; however, studies have shown almost no movement in range boundaries from one year to the next.[1][2] Although the area included in a home range is relatively constant over time, the preferences in regard to what part of the range is most used shift with the seasons. From March until August, forest buffalo spend most of their time in the forest, while from September through February, they favor the savannas and marshes.[2][12] African forest buffalo arrange themselves into herds, which help in defense against predators; however, they are not immune to assault. Among predators, the African leopard is the most common, but is generally only a threat to young buffaloes and will feast on them only when they have the opportunity. The Nile crocodile is the only predator which is capable of killing an adult buffalo.[13] Social behaviorAfrican forest buffalo have relatively small herds compared to the well-studied Cape buffalo. Cape buffalo can have herds of over 1,000 members; however, forest buffalo stay in much smaller groups—as small as three and rarely over 30. If forest buffalo are in a large group, they spend more time grazing, since there is less need to devote time to alert behavior.[14] A herd of forest buffalo typically consists of one or occasionally two bulls and a harem of adult females, juveniles and young calves. Unlike Cape buffalo bulls, forest buffalo bulls remain with the herd continually, year round. On the other hand, Cape buffalo bulls stay in bachelor herds until the wet season, when young bulls join the females, mate, help protect the young calves and then leave. Animals usually remain in the same herd for their entire lives. Herd-switching in cows has been observed; however, this is not a common occurrence.[15] Herds can split into two groups for a short period of time before merging back together.[16] Forest buffalo are relatively unaffected by seasonal cycles. However, in the wet season, herds are more spread out in the forest[16][17] and these animals tend to use resting places based on sand during the wet season, but use dirt and leaves during the dry season.[6] Moreover, in open habitats such as clearings, the group was more aggregated when resting and was more rounded in shape than groups in forest habitats during the wet season.[18] Notes1. ^1 2 3 Korte 115 2. ^1 2 Melletti M. and Burton J. (Eds). 2014. 3. ^1 Melletti et al. 1312 4. ^Korte 123 5. ^Blake 81 6. ^1 Melletti, Penteriani, and Boitani 186 7. ^Melletti et al. 1313 8. ^van der Hoek et al. 1 9. ^Bekheis, Jong, and Prins 674 10. ^Korte 122 11. ^Korte 234 12. ^Korte 121 13. ^1 Korte 116 14. ^Melletti et al. 1315 15. ^Korte 125 16. ^1 Melletti et al. 1316 17. ^Melletti et al. 1317 18. ^Melletti et al. 1318>Melletti M. and Burton J. (Eds). 2014. Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle. Implications for Conservation (Cambridge University Press). References{{commons category|Syncerus caffer nanus}}
3 : Bovines|Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa|Mammals of West Africa |
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