| 词条 | Nidd Aqueduct |
| 释义 |
|image = |image_caption = Aqueduct carrying water from the Nidd Valley to Bradford over the River Wharfe near to Barden Bridge. |name = Nidd Aqueduct |original_owner = Bradford Corporation Water Works |company1 = |engineer = Morrison & Mason Ltd |date_act = |date_use = |date_completed = 1899 |date_closed = |length_mi = 32 |start_point = Scar House Reservoir, North Yorkshire |end_point = Chellow Heights water treatment plant, West Yorkshire |status = Open }} The Nidd Aqueduct is an aqueduct or man-made watercourse in North Yorkshire, England. It feeds water from Angram and Scar House reservoirs in upper Nidderdale, North Yorkshire {{convert|32|mi|km|abbr=on}}[1] to Bradford in West Yorkshire. The aqueduct supplies {{convert|21,000,000|impgal|m3|abbr=on}} of water per day to Chellow Heights water treatment works.[2] The aqueduct and the reservoirs it connects to are all maintained by Yorkshire Water.[3] HistoryIn 1892 Parliamentary Powers were granted for the City of Bradford to dam the River Nidd and its tributary Stone Beck in upper Nidderdale, and to build a conduit that delivered the water by gravity[4] to Chellow Heights in Bradford. As Bradford has no major rivers running through it, the city needed fresh water for drinking and to be able to process wool (fulling). At that time, both Nidderdale and Bradford were in the West Riding of Yorkshire. The first reservoir (Gouthwaite)[5] was started in 1893 so that the water supply to the lower Nidd valley would not be interrupted when work on the upper dams began. In 1904 Bradford Water Works Corporation initiated the building of the next two reservoirs in the scheme in upper Nidderdale. Scar House and Angram reservoirs were constructed by James Watson and Lewis Mitchell respectively.[6] The aqueduct was constructed by Morrison & Mason Ltd.[7] RouteThe aqueduct starts downstream of Scar House Reservoir, after the screening chamber on the south bank, a short distance east of the dam, at Ordnance Survey grid reference SE 06820 76880. (The screening chamber is shown on OS 25,000 map but not on 50,000 map). The Aqueduct tunnels under Rain Stang hill for {{convert|2486|yd}} at a depth of {{convert|484|ft}}, and re-appears at Armathwaite Gill.[8] There is then a short overground section across How Stean Beck before another tunnel, {{convert|1408|yd}} long, below Heathfield Moor. The aqueduct then tunnels below Greenhow Hill, {{convert|380|ft}} below the summit, for {{convert|6204|yd}}[9] before re-appearing at Skyreholme, near Appletreewick.[10] It crosses the River Wharfe on the Barden Aqueduct Bridge, between Barden and Bolton Abbey, and then Barden Beck near Barden Beck Bridge. It then heads across open land again, crosses the A59 at Bolton Abbey Railway Station and runs to Chelker Reservoir above Addingham. The aqueduct then descends into Airedale and crosses first the Leeds Liverpool Canal over Mauds Bridge in Bingley,[11] then Bingley South Bog Site of Special Scientific Interest. It passes underneath the A650 dual carriageway[12] and crosses the River Aire at Cottingley.[13] It then goes up to Chellow Heights where the water is stored.[14] ConstructionThe route of the aqueduct is mostly sub-surface, apart from some small sections that drain water into the aqueduct. It was constructed from {{convert|12|mi|0}} of cut-and-cover, {{Convert|15|mi|km|abbr=on}} of steel and cast-iron pipes and {{convert|6|mi|0}} of branch feeder pipes.[15] The route is entirely fed by gravity and the use of syphons. These also pick water up from other becks and streams in Nidderdale that the aqueduct crosses.[16] The aqueduct is over {{convert|6|ft}} high inside and is lined with concrete.[17] The only evidence of the aqueduct is in the various crossing bridges and syphons where the route goes across other bodies of water. Most of the exposed sections of the aqueduct have crenelated walls and towers. The bridge over the River Wharfe at Barden Beck is now used by walkers on the Dales Way.[18] A pump was installed at Barden on the River Wharfe that is capable of abstracting {{convert|5,000,000|impgal|m3|abbr=on}} of water a day into the Nidd Aqueduct and bolster the supply to Bradford.[19] The section through Greenhow Hill was {{convert|3.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} long and was completed in 1899. This was beneficial to the lead miners there as it would drain away excess water from their mineworkings.[20][21][22] Another pipe was added alongside the original in 1920. Ten years later, the original pipe was found to be {{convert|30|in}} out of alignment where it runs underneath Bingley South Bog. The 1920 pipe is elevated above the bog on concrete supports, but the original pipe was laid {{convert|10|ft}} down underneath the bog surface. The pressure from the bog was forcing the pipe out of alignment and was in danger of interrupting the water supply.[23] References1. ^{{cite news|title=In the steps of the bringers of city's water|url=http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/leisure/taleisurewalks/1946133.In_the_steps_of_the_bringers_of_city_s_water/|accessdate=10 November 2015|work=Telegraph and Argus|date=7 January 2008}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Scar House History|url=http://www.outdoored.co.uk/content/uploads/2014/02/Scar-House-History.pdf|website=Outdoored|accessdate=10 November 2015|page=1}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Yorkshire Water byelaws|url=https://www.yorkshirewater.com/byelaws|website=Yorkshire Water|accessdate=11 November 2015}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Scar House History|url=http://www.outdoored.co.uk/content/uploads/2014/02/Scar-House-History.pdf|website=Outdoored|accessdate=10 November 2015|page=1}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Modern Era|url=http://uppernidderdale.org.uk/historic-nidderdale/rich-history/modern-era/|website=Upper Nidderdale Landscape Partnership|accessdate=10 November 2015}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Scar House Dam|url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=1138|website=Engineering Timelines|accessdate=10 November 2015}} 7. ^{{cite web|title = Newsletter 76 The rise and fall of the Railways of Nidderdale|url = http://www.industrialhistory.yas.org.uk/content/news076.html|website = Yorkshire Archaeological Society – Industrial History Section|accessdate = 10 November 2015|date = 2009}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Speight|first1=Harry|title=Nidderdale and the Garden of the Nidd|date=1894|publisher=Eliot Stock|location=London|page=471|url=https://archive.org/stream/nidderdaleandga00speigoog#page/n532/mode/2up|accessdate=7 December 2015}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Speight|first1=Harry|title=Nidderdale and the Garden of the NIdd|date=1894|publisher=Eliot Stock|location=London|page=472|url=https://archive.org/stream/nidderdaleandga00speigoog#page/n534/mode/2up|accessdate=7 December 2015}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Water for Bradford|url=http://greenhow-hill.org.uk/mining/bcww.html|website=Welcome to Greenhow|accessdate=10 November 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124200646/http://greenhow-hill.org.uk/mining/bcww.html|archivedate=24 November 2015|df=dmy-all}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Leeds Liverpool Canal South of Bingley|url=http://www.bradford.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/9AC88990-B4EF-45C4-8214-17F1AE2676B9/0/LeedsLiverpoolCanalMap16.pdf|website=Bradford|publisher=Bradford Council|accessdate=10 November 2015|page=55}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=A650 Bingley Relief Road -South Bog Viaduct|url=http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=784025|website=Transportation Research Board|publisher=TRB|accessdate=10 November 2015|date=5 July 2006}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=Bridge for syphon over River Aire at Cottingley|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/File:Im1915EnV119-p280b.jpg|website=Graces Guide to British Industrial History|accessdate=10 November 2015}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Chellow Heights WTW Modifications for THM Removal|url=http://waterprojectsonline.com/case_studies/2002/Yorkshire_Chellow_Heights_2002.pdf|website=Yorkshire Water|publisher=Yorkshire Water|accessdate=10 November 2015|page=1}} 15. ^{{cite news|title=In the steps of the bringers of city's water|url=http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/leisure/taleisurewalks/1946133.In_the_steps_of_the_bringers_of_city_s_water/|accessdate=10 November 2015|work=Telegraph and Argus|date=7 January 2008}} 16. ^{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Douglas|title=Quality Assurance of the Flows on the River Ouse|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/12878/1/N012878CR.pdf|publisher=Institute of Hydrology|accessdate=10 November 2015|page=8}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=Yorkshire Water progresses £3m+ aqueducts improvement work|url=http://www.waterbriefing.org/home/company-news/item/13445-yorkshire-water-progresses-£3m%20-aqueducts-improvement-work|website=waterbriefing.org|accessdate=24 January 2017|language=en-gb}} 18. ^{{cite web|title=Bolton Abbey, Aqueduct Turrreted Bridge|url=http://boltonabbey.com/what-to-see/aqueduct/|website=Bolton Abbey|accessdate=10 November 2015}} 19. ^{{cite news|title=Lowdown on the reservoir village|url=http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/tahistory/featuresnostalgiapasttimes/837372.Lowdown_on_the_reservoir_village/|accessdate=10 November 2015|work=Telegraph and Argus|date=15 July 2006}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=Water for Bradford|url=http://greenhow-hill.org.uk/mining/bcww.html|website=Welcome to Greenhow|accessdate=10 November 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124200646/http://greenhow-hill.org.uk/mining/bcww.html|archivedate=24 November 2015|df=dmy-all}} 21. ^{{cite web|title=British Association for the Advancement of Science|url=https://archive.org/stream/reportofbritisha07scie#page/650/mode/2up|website=archive.org/stream|publisher=John Murray|accessdate=10 November 2015|page=650}} 22. ^{{cite web|title = The Rivers Nidd and Wharfe Catchment Management Plan|url = http://ea-lit.freshwaterlife.org/archive/ealit:2154/OBJ/19000463.pdf|website = EA Lit Freshwater|publisher = Environment Agency|accessdate = 10 November 2015|page = 7}} 23. ^{{cite news|title=Threat to Bradford water supply|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/19300104/268/0014|accessdate=7 February 2016|work=Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer|date=4 July 1930|page=14}} {{subscription required}} External links{{commons category}}
5 : Aqueducts in England|Water supply and sanitation in England and Wales|Nidderdale|Buildings and structures in North Yorkshire|Buildings and structures in West Yorkshire |
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