“NIH grant”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In the United States, the The National Institutes of Health (NIH) are the primary government agency responsible for biomedical and public health research. They award HIH grants through 24 grant-awarding institutes and centers.^[1]

The NIH supports $31 billion in research annually, given to more than 300,000 researchers at more than 2,500 institutions for research into a variety of conditions.^[2] Each institute of the NIH has separate appropriations from Congress determined on an annual basis. Percentages of grant applications funded vary by institute, from 8% (National Institute of Nursing Research) to 29.6% (National Institute of General Medical Sciences), with an overall average of 18%. Funding percentages have dropped from over 30% in the early 2000s, mainly due to an increase in applications, rather than a decrease in funds available. In 1998, 24,100 applications were received, and 7,500 were funded with a total of $1.9 billion. By 2005, the number of applications had grown to 43,000, of which 9,600 were funded with a total of $3.4 billion. In 2015, 52,000 applications were submitted and 9,500 were funded with $4.3 billion.^[3] Grants are assessed based on their significance, innovation, and approach.

The major grant awards of the NIH are divided into Research Grants (R series), Career Development Awards (K series), Research Training and Fellowships (T & F series), Program Project/Center Grants (P series), and miscellaneous programs.^[4]

There are various requirements for grants. Some grants are specified for "new investigators", which is defined as someone who has not received a prior NIH grant other than a career award or specific small grants (R15, R21, R56, etc.). An "early stage investigator" is someone who has received their PhD or MD or has finished residency within the past 10 years.^[5]

Impact on scientific research

From 2010 to 2016, NIH funded research that led to the development and approval of 210 new drugs. 84 of these were "first-in-class" drugs, meaning they work through previously unknown mechanisms. About 90% of the research published from the funded grants related to the discovery and characterization of these pathways, rather than the development of the drug itself.^[6]

A study on the value of public research funding found that 30% of NIH grants led to research being published that was cited in a patent application, and that for every $100 million funded by the NIH, 23 patents were submitted.^[7]

Application process

Applications are reviewed by a Scientific Review Group made up of volunteer subject matter experts, generally professors in the relevant fields, and by a National Advisory Council made up of federal employees. Grants are scored from 1 to 9, with 1 being the highest score. Members of the committees are listed publicly.^[9]

Funding process

Funding mechanisms

R01

The most common research grant mechanism is the R01. It is the oldest funding mechanism of the NIH. R01s are generally awarded for 3–5 years, and are used to support a "discrete, specified, circumscribed research project". R01s can be renewed by competitive application. The application cycle has 3 sets of application dates each year. Standard due dates for new grant applications are February, June, and October 5, and for renewal, resubmission, and revision grant applications are March, July, and November 5. AIDs-related grants have separate due dates. All grant-awarding institutes and centers award R01s.^[10] Applications for R01s are complex and are typically over 100 pages by submission.

In financial year 2016, the NIH received 26,187 applications for new R01 grants. 17.3% were funded, for a total of $2.2 billion.^[11] The average annual budget was $460,000.^[12]

Research project grants

Program project/center grants

Resource grants

Training grants

Career development awards

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://grants.nih.gov/grants/understanding-nih.htm|title=Understand NIH: Finding the Right Fit for Your Research - grants.nih.gov|website=Grants.nih.gov|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/budget|title=Budget|date=31 October 2014|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://report.nih.gov/success_rates/Success_ByIC.cfm|title=NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools (RePORT)|website=Report.nih.gov|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/funding_program.htm|title=Types of Grant Programs - grants.nih.gov|website=Grants.nih.gov|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://grants.nih.gov/policy/new_investigators/index.htm#definition|title=Early Stage and Early Established Investigator Policies - grants.nih.gov|website=Grants.nih.gov|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=NIH funding contributed to 210 approved drugs in recent years, study says|url=https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/12/nih-funding-drug-development/|website=STAT|date=12 February 2018}}
7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Dolgin|first1=Elie|title=NIH research grants yield economic windfall|journal=Nature|date=30 March 2017|volume=544|issue=7648|pages=14–15|doi=10.1038/nature.2017.21752|pmid=28383011}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Types of Applications {{!}} grants.nih.gov|url=https://grants.nih.gov/grants/how-to-apply-application-guide/prepare-to-apply-and-register/type-of-applications.htm|website=grants.nih.gov|language=en}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Peer Review {{!}} grants.nih.gov|url=https://grants.nih.gov/grants/peer-review.htm|website=grants.nih.gov|language=en}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/funding_program.htm#RSeries|title=Types of Grant Programs - grants.nih.gov|website=Grants.nih.gov|accessdate=4 December 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools (RePORT)|url=https://report.nih.gov/success_rates/Success_ByActivity.cfm|website=report.nih.gov}}
12. ^{{cite journal|last1=Dolgin|first1=Elie|title=The young and the restless|journal=Nature|volume=551|issue=7678|pages=S15–S18|date=1 November 2017|doi=10.1038/551S15a|pmid=29091602|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/551S15a|language=En}}