“Non-visa travel restrictions”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Many countries have entry restrictions on foreigners that go beyond the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption. Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes.

List of common non-visa travel restrictions

Passport validity length

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,^[1] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,^[2] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.^[3]

Turkey requires passports to be valid for at least 150 days upon entry.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom); Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland (all with an exception made for EEA and Swiss nationals). Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova, and New Zealand also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months validity upon arrival include Albania, Honduras, North Macedonia, Panama, Qatar, and Senegal.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, and South Africa.

Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay. Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens^[4]^[5] or even accept passports that have already expired (but {{em|not}} been cancelled).^[6]

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented, generally one or two pages.^[7] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being available.

Vaccination

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia, require {{em|1=all}} incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination.

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently.^[8]

Israeli stamps

Kuwait,^[9] Lebanon,^[10] Libya,^[11] Saudi Arabia,^[12] Sudan,^[13] Syria,^[14] and Yemen^[15] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead that reads: "Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories." ^[16] Passports are still ({{As of|2017|06|22|lc=y}}) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped ({{As of|2017|06|22|lc=y}}) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Armenian ethnicity

Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, to the Republic of Azerbaijan^[17]^[18] (although there have been exceptions, notably for Armenia's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan).

Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh^[19] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan^[20] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".^[21] As of January 2019, the list contains 795 persons.

Upon request, the authorities of the largely unrecognized Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country.

Criminal record

Some countries (for example: Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand, and the United States ^[22]) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.

Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10-year ban on entering Israel.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Fingerprinting

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest those travellers that refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside.^[23]

Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan,^[24]^[25] Argentina,^[26]

Brunei,

Cambodia,^[27]

China,^[28]

Ethiopia,^[29]

Ghana, India,

Japan,^[30]^[31]

Malaysia upon entry and departure,^[32]

Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,^[33] Singapore, South Korea,^[34] and Taiwan.^[35]

Additionally, the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.^[36]^[37]

References

1. ^[https://www.evisa.gov.bh/VisaBhr5En.html Bahrain government website]
2. ^{{Cite web | url=https://new.goisrael.com/article/passports_and_visa | title=PASSPORTS AND VISA | GoIsrael - the Official Website of Tourism to Israel}}
3. ^Timatic
4. ^{{cite web|title=Foreign Affairs Manual, 9 FAM 403.9-3(B)(2) f|url=https://fam.state.gov/fam/09FAM/09FAM040309.html|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=10 October 2017}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=How long should my passport be valid when traveling to the United States?|url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/sweden/48723/niv/PassportValidity.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=10 October 2017}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/countries-whose-citizens-are-allowed-to-enter-turkey-with-their-national-id_s.en.mfa |title=Countries whose citizens are allowed to enter Turkey with their expired passports |author= |date= |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |publisher=Republic of Turkey |access-date=6 July 2018 |quote=Countries whose citizens are allowed to enter Turkey with their expired passports: 1. Germany – Passports expired within the last year / ID’s expired within the last year, 2. Belgium - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 3. France - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 4. Spain - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 5. Switzerland - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 6. Luxemburg - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 7. Portugal - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 8. Bulgaria – Valid ordinary passport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008091234/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/countries-whose-citizens-are-allowed-to-enter-turkey-with-their-national-id_s.en.mfa |archive-date=8 October 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
7. ^{{cite web|title=Country Information|url=https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/country.html|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State|accessdate=11 September 2017}}
8. ^Country list - Yellow fever vaccination requirements and recommendations; and malaria situation; and other vaccination requirement
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.voyage.gc.ca/countries_pays/report_rapport-eng.asp?id=155000 |title=Travel Report - Kuwait |publisher=Voyage.gc.ca |date=2012-11-16 |accessdate=2013-07-01}}
10. ^Travel Advice for Lebanon - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224033556/http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/Advice/Lebanon |date=2008-12-24 }} and Lebanese Ministry of Tourism {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327210000/http://www.destinationlebanon.gov.lb/eng/PracticalInfo.asp |date=2009-03-27 }}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/Advice/Libya |title=Travel Advice for Libya - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Smartraveller.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2013-07-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622021841/http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/Advice/Libya |archivedate=2013-06-22 |df= }}
12. ^Michael Freund, Canada defends Saudi policy of shunning tourists who visited Israel, 2008-12-07, Jerusalem Post
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/Advice/Sudan |title=Travel Advice for Sudan - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Smartraveller.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2013-07-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705022302/http://smartraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/Advice/Sudan |archivedate=2013-07-05 |df= }}
14. ^Travel Advice for Syria - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219225328/http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/Advice/Syria |date=2008-12-19 }} and Syrian Ministry of Tourism
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/Advice/Yemen |title=Travel Advice for Yemen - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Smartraveller.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2013-07-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820050354/http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/Advice/Yemen |archivedate=2011-08-20 |df= }}
16. ^{{cite web |title=Entry Requirements - Israel Travel Advice |url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/israel/entry-requirements |website=Foreign Travel Advice |publisher=Foreign & Commonwealth Office of Her Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |accessdate=6 April 2019 |quote=Visitors entering via Ben Gurion airport are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp in their passport. While this practice is in place at other ports of entry, there have been instances where passports have been stamped for entry purposes. You should keep your entry card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories. If you’re refused entry into Israel, your passport may be stamped with an entry stamp and two red lines drawn across it to indicate the refusal.}}
17. ^Azerbaijan Country Page {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308021931/http://www.ncsj.org/Azerbaijan.shtml |date=2009-03-08 }}. NCSJ: Advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States & Eurasia. Accessed 23 May 2010.
18. ^Azerbaijan doesn't allow Armenians in the country - Panarmenian.net
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ncsj.org/Azerbaijan.shtml |title=Azerbaijan Country Page of the NCSJ (advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States & Eurasia) accessed 23 May 2010 |accessdate=2010-05-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308021931/http://www.ncsj.org/Azerbaijan.shtml |archivedate=8 March 2009 |df= }}
20. ^{{cite web |title=Warning for the foreign nationals wishing to travel to the occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan |url=http://www.mfa.gov.az/en/content/939 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan |accessdate=23 November 2017}}
21. ^{{cite web |title=List of foreign citizens illegally visited occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan |url=http://mfa.gov.az/en/content/915 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan |accessdate=23 November 2017}}
22. ^Government of Canada -- Overcome criminal convictions
23. ^{{cite web |last1=Calder |first1=Simon |title=Airline lobbying for a relaxation of draconian rules for London-Auckland travellers |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/transit-passengers-air-new-zealand-london-heathrow-auckland-us-customs-lax-a7699886.html |publisher=The Independent |accessdate=7 July 2018 |date=24 April 2017 |quote=Travellers heading west from the UK to New Zealand may soon be able to avoid the onerous requirement to clear US border control during the refuelling stop at Los Angeles airport (LAX). Unlike almost every other country in the world, the US insists on a full immigration check even for travellers who simply intend to re-board their plane to continue onwards to a foreign destination. Air New Zealand, which flies daily from Heathrow via Los Angeles to Auckland, says there are currently “strict requirements for travellers” in transit at LAX. Through passengers to Auckland on flight NZ1 or Heathrow on NZ2 must apply in advance for an ESTA (online visa) even though they have no intention of staying in the US. They also have to undergo screening by the Transportation Security Administration.}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.countryreports.org/travel/Afghanistan/entry.htm|title=How to enter Afghanistan. The Entry Requirements for Afghanistan - CountryReports|website=Countryreports.org}}
25. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/world/asia/in-afghanistan-big-plans-to-gather-biometric-data.html|title=In Afghanistan, Big Plans to Gather Biometric Data|first=Rod|last=Nordland|date=19 November 2011|website=Nytimes.com}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://infosurhoy.com/en_GB/articles/saii/features/main/2012/09/27/feature-01|title=Argentina strengthens migratory control|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233906/http://infosurhoy.com/en_GB/articles/saii/features/main/2012/09/27/feature-01|archivedate=2 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.us-passport-information.com/Cambodia-Foreign-Entry-Requirements.html|title=Cambodia Foreign Entry Requirements|website=Us-passport-information.com}}
28. ^{{cite web |title=China to Start Fingerprinting Foreign Visitors|url=https://www.aircanada.com/uk/en/aco/home/book/travel-news-and-updates/2018/china-fingerprinting-foreign-visitors.html |website=Air Canada |accessdate=7 July 2018 |date=31 Jan 2019 |quote=Effective April 27, 2018, border control authorities at all of China’s ports of entry, including its airports, will start collecting the fingerprints of all foreign visitors aged between 14 and 70. Diplomatic passport holders and beneficiaries of reciprocal agreements are exempted..}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Laenderinformationen/00-SiHi/AethiopienSicherheit.html|title=Äthiopien: Reise- und Sicherheitshinweise|website=Auswaertiges-amt.de}}
30. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-fingerprinting-idUST23858020071120|title=Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move|author=|date=20 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=3 March 2017|via=Reuters|newspaper=Reuters}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/anger-as-japan-moves-to-fingerprint-foreigners/2007/10/26/1192941320246.html|title=Anger as Japan moves to fingerprint foreigners - World |website=Theage.com.au|date=2007-10-26 }}
32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.countryreports.org/travel/Malaysia/entry.htm|title=Malaysia|website=CountryReports|access-date=7 July 2018}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://secureidnews.com/news-item/saudi-arabia-mandates-fingerprints-and-biometrics-for-foreigners/|title=Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners - SecureIDNews |author= |date=|work=secureidnews.com |accessdate=3 March 2017}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/7122530.html|title=S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors - People's Daily Online|last=F_161|date=|work=peopledaily.com.cn|accessdate=3 March 2017}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://kr.goflyla.com/hotels-com/|title=How to Apply Singapore Visas for Indians-Singapore Visa - How to Apply Singapore Visas for Indians-Singapore Visa |website=mytipsinhindi.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.mytipsinhindi.com/2018/10/how-to-apply-singapore-visa-for-indians.html|archivedate=20 June 2018|df=dmy-all}}{{|date=July 2018}}
36. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.moi.gov.qa/site/english/news/2011/12/13/24555.html|title=Iris Scan Implemented at Doha International Airport|last=|first= |date=|website=|publisher=|access-date= |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108085139/http://www.moi.gov.qa/site/english/news/2011/12/13/24555.html|archivedate=8 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.simplydxb.com/articles/iris-scanner-could-replace-emirates-id-in-uae/ |title=Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE |author= |date=11 June 2017 |website=SimplyDXB |publisher= |access-date=7 July 2018 |quote=The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn’t the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.}}

2 : Human migration|Visas