词条 | North American jaguar |
释义 |
|image1=El-jefe-jaguar-fws1.jpg |caption1=El Jefe in Arizona, the United States |image2=Obscured jaguar.jpg |caption2=A jaguar in Belize, Central America }} The North American jaguar is a jaguar (Panthera onca) population in North America, from the southwestern United States to Central America.[1] This population has declined over decades.[2] Results of morphologic and genetic research failed to find evidence for subspecific differentiation.[3][4] This population is also referred to as the "American jaguar"[5] and "Central American jaguar".[6] Taxonomic historyInitially, a number of jaguar subspecies were described:[7]
In 1939, Reginald Innes Pocock did not find evidence for morphological distinction between P. o. hernandesii, P. o. centralis and P. o. arizonensis and considered them one subspecies. Recent tests failed to establish evidence for different subspecies of the jaguar.[3] EvolutionThe modern jaguar is thought to have descended from a pantherine ancestor in Asia that crossed the Beringian land bridge into North America during the Early Pleistocene. From North America, it spread to Central and South America. The ancestral jaguar in North America is referred to as Panthera onca augusta.[4] CharacteristicsUnlike jaguars in South America, jaguars in Central or North America are fairly small.[9] Those in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the Mexican Pacific coast weigh just about {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, similar in weight as female cougars.[10] {{convert|57.2|kg|lb|abbr=on}} was the average for six males in Belize,[11] making them similar to South American females in Venezuela.[7] Ecology and behaviourIn northeastern Mexico, jaguars co-occur with mountain lions. Both are foremost active at night and prey on white-tailed deer, collared peccary and cattle calves.[12] Other sympatric predators in the region include the grizzly bear and American black bear. There is evidence that El Jefe preyed on an American black bear.[5] In July 2018, in the Central American section of the Audubon Zoo in the US city of New Orleans, Louisiana, a 3-year-old male called 'Valerio' escaped from its enclosure, which had a roof in poor condition. It killed four alpacas, an emu and a fox, and injured two other alpacas and a fox, before being captured about an hour after its escape was notified. The killings were apparently the result of a territorial dispute. Its behaviour was not deemed to be abnormal for its species.[13][14] Habitat and distribution{{Further information|Lacandon Jungle|Sierra Madre Occidental}}In North America, the jaguar ranges from the southern part of the United States in the north, to the southern part of Central America in the south.[2] Recently, jaguars of Mexican origin[15] have been spotted in Arizona.[16][17][18] Prior to that, the Arizona jaguar was treated as a cryptid cat.[19] United States of AmericaIn 1799, Thomas Jefferson recorded the jaguar as an animal of the Americas.[20] There are multiple zoological reports of jaguars in California, two as far north as Monterey in 1814 (Langsdorff) and 1826 (Beechey).[21] The coastal Diegueño (Kumeyaay people) of San Diego and Cahuilla Indians of Palm Springs had words for jaguar and the cats persisted there until about 1860.[22] The only recorded description of an active jaguar den with breeding adults and kittens in the United States was in the Tehachapi Mountains of California, prior to 1860.[21] In 1843, Rufus Sage, an explorer and experienced observer recorded jaguar present on the headwaters of the North Platte River {{convert|30|-|50|mile|km|abbr=on}} north of Long's Peak in Colorado. Cabot's 1544 map has a drawing of jaguar ranging over the Pennsylvania and Ohio valleys. Historically, the jaguar was recorded in far eastern Texas, and the northern parts of Arizona and New Mexico. However, since the 1940s, the jaguar has been limited to the southern parts of these states. Although less reliable than zoological records, Native American artefacts with possible jaguar motifs range from the Pacific Northwest to Pennsylvania and Florida.[23] Jaguars had been eliminated in the United States. A female was shot by a hunter in Arizona's White Mountains in 1963. Arizona outlawed jaguar hunting in 1969, but by then no females remained and over the next 25 years only two male jaguars were found (and killed) in Arizona. Then in 1996, Warner Glenn, a rancher and hunting guide from Douglas, Arizona, came across a jaguar in the Peloncillo Mountains and became a researcher on jaguars, placing webcams which recorded four more Arizona jaguars.[24] No jaguars sighted in Arizona in the last 15 years had been seen since 2006.[25] Then, in 2009, a male jaguar named Macho B died shortly after being radio-collared by Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD) officials in 2009. In the Macho B incident, a former ADGF subcontractor pleaded guilty to violating the endangered species act for trapping the cat and a Game and Fish employee was fired for lying to federal investigators. In 2011, a male jaguar weighing {{convert|200|lb|kg|abbr=on}} was photographed near Cochise in southern Arizona by a hunter after being treed by his dogs (the animal left the scene unharmed). A second 2011 sighting of an Arizona jaguar was reported by a Homeland Security border pilot in June 2011, and conservation researchers sighted two jaguars within {{convert|30|mile|km|abbr=on}} of the border between Mexico and the United States in 2010.[26] In September 2012, a jaguar was photographed in the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona, the second such sighting in this region in two years.[27] This jaguar has been photographed numerous times over the past nine months through June 2013.[28] On 3 February 2016, the Center for Biological Diversity released a video of this jaguar – now named El Jefe (Spanish for "The Boss") – roaming the Santa Rita Mountains, about {{convert|25|mile|km|abbr=on}} south of downtown Tucson.[29] El Jefe is the fourth jaguar sighted in the Madrean Sky Islands in southern Arizona and New Mexico, over the last 20 years.[5] On 16 November 2016, a jaguar was spotted in the Dos Cabezas Mountains of Arizona, {{convert|60|mile|km|abbr=on}} from the Mexican border, the farthest north one of these animals has been spotted in many decades. It is the seventh jaguar to be confirmed in the Southwest since 1996.[18] On 1 December 2016, another male jaguar was photographed on Fort Huachuca also in Arizona.[17] In February 2017, authorities revealed that a third jaguar had been photographed in November 2016, by the Bureau of Land Management in the Dos Cabezas Mountains, also in Arizona, some {{convert|100.0|km|mile|abbr=in}} north of the border with Mexico.[18] The only picture obtained allowed experts to determine this is a different individual, but it does not reveal its gender. ConservationLegal action by the Center for Biological Diversity led to federal listing of the cat on the endangered species list in 1997. However, on January 7, 2008, George W. Bush appointee H. Dale Hall, Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), signed a recommendation to abandon jaguar recovery as a federal goal under the Endangered Species Act. Critics, including the Center of Biological Diversity and New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, were concerned the jaguar was being sacrificed for the government's new border fence, which is to be built along many of the cat's typical crossings between the United States and Mexico.[30] In 2010, however, the Obama Administration reversed the policy of the Bush Administration, and pledged to protect "critical habitat" and draft a recovery plan for the species. The USFWS was ultimately ordered by the court to develop a jaguar recovery plan and designate critical habitat for the cats.[26] On 20 August 2012, the USFWS proposed setting aside 838,232 acres in Arizona and New Mexico — an area larger than Rhode Island — as critical jaguar habitat.[31] On 4 March 2014 Federal wildlife officials set aside nearly 1,200 square miles along the U.S.-Mexico border as habitat essential for the conservation of the jaguar. The reservation includes parts of Pima, Santa Cruz and Cochise counties in Arizona and Hidalgo County in New Mexico.[32] In September 2015, El Jefe was photographed via camera trap and analysis of his spots confirms that he has been in southeastern Arizona ({{convert|30|mile|km|abbr=on}} south of Tucson) since 2011. Jaguars have been present in this region every year since 1997.[33] El Jefe and other males may have originated from a breeding population in Sonora, Mexico, {{convert|125|mile|km|abbr=on}} to the south of Tucson.[34] Northern Jaguar ProjectThe Northern Jaguar Project is a conservation effort on behalf of the jaguar that is headed by an Arizona-based organization of the same name, in conjunction with Mexico's Naturalia. It is focused on protecting the jaguars living near the border between the United States and Mexico. The core of the project is the Northern Jaguar Reserve. The project began in 2003 with the purchase of the 10,000 acre Los Pavos Ranch in northern Mexico, just {{convert|125|mile|km|abbr=on}} south of the border. In 2008 it was expanded to more than double its size when Rancho Zetasora was acquired. Both ranches are remote, difficult to access, and relatively untouched, making them perfect habitat, not just for jaguars, but for many other species as well. The Northern Jaguar Project is the "northernmost location where jaguars, mountain lions, bobcats, and ocelots are all found in the same vicinity", and the park also features a variety of floral habitats as well.[35][36] The project is also focused on efforts to create a stable jaguar population in Northwestern Mexico. However, its long term aspirations include a return of the jaguar to the Southwestern United States. The potential for such a re-introduction is deemed high, since as much as 30% of Arizona alone is considered to be a suitable habitat for the jaguar.[15] GalleryCultural significance{{double image|right|Balam_1.svg|200|Balam_2.svg|200|The word B'alam ('jaguar') written twice in the Mayan script. The first glyph writes the word logographicaly, with the jaguar's head standing for the entire word. The second glyph block writes the word phonetically using the three syllable signs BA, LA and MA.}}{{Further information|Chiapas F.C.|Chilam Balam|Jaguars in Mesoamerican cultures}}
See also
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Hart |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |year=1919 |volume=1 |pages=38–40 |doi=10.1093/jmammal/1.1.38}} 22. ^{{cite journal |title=Rohonas and Spotted Lions: The Historical and Cultural Occurrence of the Jaguar, Panthera onca, among the Native Tribes of the American Southwest |author=Pavlik, Steve |year=2003 |journal=Wicazo Sa Review |jstor=1409436 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=157–175 |doi=10.1353/wic.2003.0006}} 23. ^{{cite journal |title=The Jaguar in North America |journal=American Antiquity |year=1974 |jstor=279437 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=465–469 |author1=Daggett, Pierre M. |author2=Henning, Dale R. |doi=10.2307/279437}} 24. ^{{cite journal |title=Return of the Jaguar? |author=Will Rizzo |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |date=December 2005 |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/ist/?next=/science-nature/return-of-the-jaguar-110630052/ |accessdate=2011-11-23}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} 25. ^{{cite web |author1=Davis, Tony |author2=Steller, Tim |title=Jaguar seen in area of Cochise |work=Arizona Daily Star |url=http://azstarnet.com/news/local/jaguar-seen-in-area-of-cochise/article_c41a3138-c50e-5bdc-a5d0-c26d5ff503bb.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125050702/http://azstarnet.com/news/local/jaguar-seen-in-area-of-cochise/article_c41a3138-c50e-5bdc-a5d0-c26d5ff503bb.html |date=2011-11-22 |archivedate=2011-11-25 |accessdate=2011-11-23}} 26. ^1 {{cite news |title=Excitement follows 2 jaguar sighting in Arizona |first=Bob |last=Christie |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=2011-12-01 |url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2011/12/01/20111201copter-pilot-reports-jaguar-sighting-arizona.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Wr6peI3u?url=http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2011/12/01/20111201copter-pilot-reports-jaguar-sighting-arizona.html |archivedate=7 March 2015 |deadurl=no |df= }} 27. ^{{cite web |title=Jaguar photo taken near Rosemont |publisher=Arizona Daily Star |work=azstarnet.com |url=http://azstarnet.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/jaguar-photo-taken-near-rosemont/article_ce0cfc93-a0c3-57c5-8c4f-fabb4db9010d.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129061516/http://azstarnet.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/jaguar-photo-taken-near-rosemont/article_ce0cfc93-a0c3-57c5-8c4f-fabb4db9010d.html |archivedate=2012-11-29 |date=November 25, 2012 |accessdate=December 1, 2012 |author=Davis, Tony}} 28. ^{{cite news |title=Jaguar roves near Rosemount mine site |author=Tony Davis |newspaper=Arizona Daily Star |date=2013-06-28 |url=http://azstarnet.com/news/science/environment/jaguar-roves-near-rosemont-mine-site/article_e8573513-b55b-553e-934c-e8951555f14e.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629234122/http://azstarnet.com/news/science/environment/jaguar-roves-near-rosemont-mine-site/article_e8573513-b55b-553e-934c-e8951555f14e.html |archivedate=2013-06-29 |accessdate=2013-06-29}} 29. ^{{cite web |publisher=The Boston Globe |title=Video shows only known US jaguar roaming Arizona mountains |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2016/02/03/video-shows-only-known-jaguar-roaming-arizona-mountains/4HjOqhvKLH89NYecRsiGjO/story.html |date=2016-02-03}} 30. ^{{cite news |title=Jaguar recovery efforts lack support from federal agency |author=Matlock, Staci |newspaper=The New Mexican |url=http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/media-archive/JaguarNM1-17-08.pdf |date=2008-01-17 |accessdate=2011-11-28}} 31. ^{{cite journal |title=Kitty Corner: Jaguars Win Critical Habitat in U.S. |first=Susan H. |last=Greenberg |journal=Scientific American |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=kitty-corner-jaguars-win-critical-habitat-in-us |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007130344/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/kitty-corner-jaguars-win-critical-habitat-in-us/ |deadurl=no |date=2012-08-21 |archivedate=2014-10-07 |accessdate=2012-08-25}} 32. ^{{cite web|first=Suasan |last=Montoya Bryan |publisher=Yahoo! News |title=Feds set aside habitat in Southwest for jaguar |url=https://news.yahoo.com/feds-set-aside-habitat-southwest-jaguar-211017297.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307173712/http://news.yahoo.com/feds-set-aside-habitat-southwest-jaguar-211017297.html |date=2014-03-04 |archivedate=2015-03-07 |deadurl=no}} 33. ^{{cite web |author=Jessica Lamberton-Moreno |publisher=Sky Island Alliance |title=Student project results in new jaguar sighting |date=September 8, 2015 |url=http://www.skyislandalliance.org/2015/09/new-jaguar-sighting/ |accessdate=2015-01-04}} 34. ^{{Cite web |first=Brian |last=Handwerk |website=National Geographic News |title=Only Known Jaguar in U.S. Filmed in Rare Video |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160203-jaguars-nation-animals-science-rare/ |date=3 February 2016 |access-date=2016-02-04}} 35. ^{{cite web |work=Northern Jaguar Project |title=The Northern Jaguar Project |url=http://www.northernjaguarproject.org/ |access-date=2012-03-16}} 36. ^{{cite web |work=Northern Jaguar Project |title=Species of Concern |url=http://www.northernjaguarproject.org/northern-jaguar-reserve/threats-and-opportunities/species-of-concern |access-date=2012-03-16}} 37. ^Martin and Grube 2000, p. 14. 38. ^Demarest 2004, p. 181. 39. ^Coe (1968), p. 42. Diehl, p. 104. 40. ^Nahuatl Dictionary. (1997). Wired Humanities Project. University of Oregon. Retrieved September 5, 2012, from link 41. ^{{cite web |publisher=South Alabama Jaguars |title=The Official Website of the South Alabama Jaguars |url=http://usajaguars.com/sports/2010/6/30/GEN_0630101424.aspx?tab=athletictradition |accessdate=2018-01-20}} 42. ^{{cite news |last=Sexton |first=Brian |title=Jaguars History |url=http://www.jaguars.com/news/article-JaguarsNews/Jaguars-History/cee7b393-6e54-4131-b44c-dd8ba2bbc65a |publisher=Jacksonville Jaguars |date=2014-11-04 |access-date=2017-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002120142/http://www.jaguars.com/news/article-JaguarsNews/Jaguars-History/cee7b393-6e54-4131-b44c-dd8ba2bbc65a# |archive-date=2 October 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 43. ^{{cite book |author=Welch, P. |work=la84foundation.org |title=Cute Little Creatures: Mascots Lend a Smile to the Games |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1988/ore250/ORE250za.pdf |year=1988 |access-date=2011-11-11}} External links
14 : Jaguars|Fauna of the Southwestern United States|Fauna of the Sonoran Desert|Natural history of Arizona|Natural history of Sonora|Mammals of Colombia|Mammals of Costa Rica|Mammals of Belize|Mammals of Guatemala|Mammals of Honduras|Mammals of the United States|Mammals of Mexico|Mammals of Panama|Pleistocene mammals of North America |
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