词条 | North Korean cuisine | ||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
North Korea is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. It is bordered to the south by South Korea, and the two countries are separated by the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Some dishes are shared by the two Koreas. Historically, Korean cuisine has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Originating from ancient agricultural and nomadic traditions in southern Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula, it has gone through a complex interaction of the natural environment and different cultural trends.[1] Rice dishes and kimchi are staple Korean foods. In a traditional meal, they accompany both side dishes (panch'an) and main courses like juk, pulgogi or noodles. Soju liquor is the best-known traditional Korean spirit. North Korean cuisineSome North Korean dishes and foods are also prepared in South Korea, and a multitude of dishes that originated in North Korea were brought to South Korea by migrating families after the Korean War.[3] Many of these imported dishes became staples in the South Korean diet.[3] In North Korea, some dishes vary in flavor compared to South Korean versions, with some North Korean dishes being less spicy and more varied in composition compared to South Korean preparations.[5][6] North Korean dishes have been described as having a unique and specific tanginess that is derived from using ingredients with flavors of sweet, sour, pungent and spicy, in combinations that create this effect.[7] Some restaurants, particularly in Pyongyang, the capital city of North Korea, have expensive pricing relative to average worker wages in North Korea.[8][9] Accessibility to restaurants is not always available to average North Korean citizens, with tourists and rich citizens being the primary patrons at some of them, particularly upscale ones.[8][9] Per their pricing, upscale restaurants are typically only available to well-paid leaders of the North Korean government, tourists visiting the country, and the emerging affluent middle class of donju in the country.[12][13] Donju means ""masters of money", and the donju typically hold positions in the government, positions operating state-owned businesses outside of the country, and positions involving bringing investments and the importation of products into the country.[14][15][16][17] Some street foods exist in North Korea, such as in Pyongyang, where vendors operate food stalls.[18][19][20] North Korea's first pizzeria opened in 2009.[21] Alcoholic beverages are produced and consumed in North Korea, and the country's legal drinking age is 18.[22] North Korean dishes and foods
CondimentsSome condiments used in North Korea to add flavor to foods are listed below.
Beverages
Alcoholic beverages{{seealso|Korean alcoholic beverages|Beer in North Korea}}Alcoholic beverages are consumed in North Korea, and drinking is a part of the culture of North Korea.[148] North Korea's legal drinking age is 18, but minors are sometimes allowed to consume alcoholic beverages, and some shop keepers readily sell them alcoholic drinks.[22] Some North Koreans brew and distill alcoholic beverages at home, despite such home alcohol production being forbidden in North Korea, and some sell these beverages to markets, although this is also illegal.[22] Home brewed liquor is made using ingredients such as potatoes and corn.[22] Some North Korean consumers purchase alcoholic beverages directly from alcohol-producing factories in the country, using cash.[22] In recent times, imported Chinese liquor has been allowed to be sold in markets, and a well-known Chinese liquor purveyed in North Korea is Kaoliang Liquor, which has a 46-50% alcohol content.[22] North Korea has some bars and other drinking establishments, and in recent times, beer halls have become popular in Pyongyang.[154][155][22]
See also{{portal|North Korea|Cuisines}}
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^1 {{cite web | title=Meet the North Korea Apologist Who Opened a Cafe to Spread the 'Truth' About North Korea | website=Vice | date=October 22, 2016 | url=https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/meet-the-north-korea-apologist-who-opened-a-cafe-to-spread-the-truth-about-north-korea | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=186015 |script-title=ko:Korean Cuisine (한국요리 韓國料理)|publisher=Naver / Doosan Encyclopedia|language=Korean|accessdate=15 July 2014}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book | last=Hassig | first=R. | last2=Oh | first2=K. | title=The Hidden People of North Korea: Everyday Life in the Hermit Kingdom | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4422-3719-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7T19CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 | accessdate=May 17, 2017 | page=24}} 4. ^1 {{cite web | author=헤럴드경제 | title=Korean teas, not just green | website=The Korea Herald | date=February 18, 2011 | url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20110218000692 | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 5. ^1 {{cite web | last=Lankov | first=Andrei | title=Why Pyongyang's restaurant scene is thriving | website=The Guardian | date=June 11, 2014 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/11/north-korea-pyongyang-restaurant | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web | author=Killalea, Debra | title=Pyonghattan: Life inside North Korea’s brat pack | website=News.com.au | date=May 17, 2016 | url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-ideas/weird-and-wacky/north-korea-inside-the-lives-of-pyongyangs-rich-kids/news-story/e9b4dae09f05dbc272495cce2dd9faee | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite web | author=Fullerton, Jamie | title=Munchies in North Korea: A Visit to Pyongyang's Newest Pizza Joint | website=Vice | date=March 29, 2017 | url=https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/munchies-in-north-korea-a-visit-to-pyongyangs-newest-pizza-joint | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 [https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/asia/north-korea/food-and-drink/ North Korea Food and Drink]. World Travel Guide. 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web | last=Hu | first=Elise | title=Would You Like A Side Of Propaganda? Lunch At A North Korean Restaurant | website=NPR | date=September 5, 2016 | url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/09/05/492700740/would-you-like-a-side-of-propaganda-lunch-at-a-north-korean-restaurant | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web | last=장 | first=밥을 주식으로 하고 국과 | title=조선료리 | website=조선료리 | url=http://www.cooks.org.kp/ | language=ko | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 11. ^1 {{cite web | title=Coffee shops are latest luxury in North Korean capital | website=News.com.au | date=April 6, 2016 | url=http://www.news.com.au/finance/money/wealth/coffee-shops-are-latest-luxury-in-north-korean-capital/news-story/07b683016dc7df346d2f28c930f61093 | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 12. ^1 {{cite book | last=Yonhap News Agency | first=S. | title=North Korea Handbook | publisher=M. E. Sharpe Incorporated | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-7656-3523-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC&pg=PA364 | accessdate=May 17, 2017 | page=364}} 13. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | last=Williams | first=Martyn | title=North Korea launches cooking website 'for housewives' | website=The Guardian | date=July 22, 2014 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/22/north-korea-launches-cooking-website | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 14. ^1 2 {{cite web | last=Le | first=Kyle | title=My Surreal Experience Eating In A North Korean Restaurant | website=The Huffington Post | date=March 21, 2016 | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kyle-le/my-surreal-experience-eat_b_9519266.html | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | title=Shin Ramyun, Ramen of Choice in North Korea | website=Daily NK | url=http://www.dailynk.com//english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=4996 | date=June 3, 2009 | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 16. ^1 {{cite book | last=Jenkins | first=C.R. | last2=Frederick | first2=J. | title=The Reluctant Communist: My Desertion, Court-Martial, and Forty-Year Imprisonment in North Korea | publisher=University of California Press | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-520-25999-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmcCEKpO1T4C&pg=PA129 | accessdate=May 17, 2017 | page=129}} 17. ^1 {{cite web | last=Kim | first=Violet | title=40 Korean foods we can't live without | website=CNN Travel | date=November 22, 2011 | url=http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/eat/40-foods-koreans-cant-live-without-054198 | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 18. ^1 {{cite web | last=Winter | first=Stuart | title=Now Kim Jong-un wants North Koreans to eat DOG for 'stamina food' | website=Daily Express | date=August 16, 2016 | url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/nature/700598/Kim-Jong-un-wants-North-Koreans-eat-dog-meat-stamina-food | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 19. ^1 {{cite web | last=Faratin | first=Pejman | title=Dog meat or “Dan go gi” in North Korean expression, is placed on a table at a famous restaurant in Pyongyang | website=Metro | date=February 25, 2014 | url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/02/25/gallery-extreme-food-4320062/dog-meat-or-dan-go-gi-in-north-korean-expression-is-placed-on-a-table-at-a-famous-restaurant-in-pyongyang/ | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 20. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | author=Ungerleider, Neal | title=Karaoke! Espionage! Haute Cuisine!: Adventures in the North Korean Government’s Restaurant Chain | website=Fast Company | date=January 3, 2011 | url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1713872/karaoke-espionage-haute-cuisine-adventures-north-korean-governments-restaurant-chain | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 21. ^1 "Noodles Hot in North Korea". September 22, 2009. Radio Free Asia. 22. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{cite web | author=Dixon, Laura | title=Common Food in North Korea | website=USA Today | date=September 15, 2010 | url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/common-food-north-korea-17403.html | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 23. ^1 {{cite web | author=Volodzko, David | title=The Rise of South Korea's Craft Brewing Scene | website=Vice | date=August 11, 2016 | url=https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/the-rise-of-south-koreas-craft-brewing-scene | accessdate=May 17, 2017}} 24. ^1 {{cite book | last=Jacobsen | first=C. | last2=Nielsen | first2=N.S. | last3=Horn | first3=A.F. | last4=Sørensen | first4=A.D.M. | title=Food Enrichment with Omega-3 Fatty Acids | publisher=Elsevier Science | series=Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-85709-886-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZFwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 | accessdate=May 17, 2017 | page=65}} 25. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | last=Yoo-sung | first=Kim | title=Ask a North Korean: what's the street food speciality? | website=The Guardian | date=June 9, 2015 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/09/north-korea-street-food-speciality | accessdate=May 18, 2017}} 26. ^1 {{cite book | last=Jeffries | first=I. | title=North Korea: A Guide to Economic and Political Developments | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Guides to Economic and Political Developments in Asia | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-134-29033-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGGScItq-BsC&pg=PA408 | accessdate=May 18, 2017 | page=408}} 27. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web | author=Talmadge, Eric | title=Coca-Cola bubbling up in North Korea - and it’s (usually not) the Real Thing | website=Toronto Star | date=April 20, 2017 | url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2017/04/20/coca-cola-bubbling-up-in-north-korea-and-its-usually-not-the-real-thing.html | accessdate=May 18, 2017}} 28. ^1 {{cite web | last=Lockett | first=Jon | title=Hidden side of North Korea’s mysterious capital Pyongyang revealed in incredible pictures - from golf courses to adverts for fake Coca-Cola | website=The Sun | date=January 27, 2017 | url=https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2722840/north-korea-pictures-pyongyang-kim-jong-un/ | accessdate=May 18, 2017}} 29. ^1 {{cite web | last=Wong | first=Sue-Lin | last2=Pearson | first2=James | title=Made in North Korea: As tougher sanctions loom, more local goods in stores | website=Reuters | date=May 8, 2017 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-economy-consumergoods-idUSKBN1840FP | accessdate=May 18, 2017}} 30. ^1 2 {{cite web | last=Wong | first=Sue-Lin | last2=Pearson | first2=James | title=Here's what it's like inside a North Korean grocery store | website=Business Insider | date=May 11, 2017 | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/north-korea-trump-store-food-2017-5 | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 31. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | last=Kaiman | first=Jonathan | title=We went to North Korea. You asked hundreds of questions. Here's what we found | website=Los Angeles Times | date=April 28, 2017 | url=http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-north-korea-answers-20170428-htmlstory.html | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 32. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web | last=Kaiman | first=Jonathan | title=You've got the munchies and you're in North Korea. Don't worry - we're here to help | website=Los Angeles Times | date=May 4, 2017 | url=http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-north-korea-snacks-20170424-htmlstory.html | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 33. ^1 2 {{cite web | author=Shalhoub, Lulwa | title=From kimchi to rice cakes: Korean cuisine has something for every foodie | website=Arab News | date=April 27, 2017 | url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1091271/food-health | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 34. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web | author=Fullerton, Jamie | title=A Guide to North Korean Food from a Man Who's Been Eating It for 14 Years | website=Vice | date=March 29, 2017 | url=https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/a-guide-to-north-korean-food-from-a-man-whos-been-eating-it-for-14-years-58ad8fc916a591be58ce32c7 | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 35. ^1 {{cite web | last=Makinen | first=Julie | title=A North Korean farm may not be what it appears | website=Los Angeles Times | date=May 4, 2016 | url=http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-north-korea-farm-20160504-story.html | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 36. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 {{cite web | last=Demick | first=Barbara | title=The unpalatable appetites of Kim Jong-il | website=The Telegraph | date=October 8, 2011 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/8809102/The-unpalatable-appetites-of-Kim-Jong-il.html | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 37. ^1 {{cite web | author=Gander, Kashmira | title=North Korean Cuisine: A Guide to the Food and Drink of the Hermit Kingdom | website=The Independent | date=January 11, 2017 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/north-korea-food-and-drink-guide-cuisine-hermit-kingdom-simon-cockerell-sushi-clams-beer-communist-a7522341.html | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 38. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web | last=Gentile | first=Dan | title=Korean food: The 12 essential dishes you need to know from the North and the South | website=Thrillist | date=February 28, 2014 | url=https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/korean-food-kimchi-korean-bbq-bibimbap-mandu-and-other-essential-dishes-you-need-to-know | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 39. ^1 {{cite web | last=Steadman | first=Ian | title='Kim Jong-Ale': North Korea's surprising microbrewery culture explored | website=Wired UK | date=May 12, 2017 | url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/north-korea-breweries | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 40. ^1 {{cite web | last=Krishnamoorthy | first=Nandini | title=North Korea marks Kim Jong-il's birthday in style with pheasant meatball soup and cocktails | website=International Business Times UK | date=February 10, 2017 | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/north-korea-marks-kim-jong-ils-birthday-style-pheasant-meatball-soup-cocktails-1605841 | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 41. ^1 2 {{cite web | last=Ji | first=Dagyum | title=Plastered in Pyongyang: North Korea launches its first beer festival | website=The Guardian | date=August 16, 2016 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/16/plastered-pyongyang-north-korea-launches-first-beer-festival | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 42. ^1 {{cite web | last=Evans | first=Stephen | title=Sneaking a taste of North Korea's finest beer | website=BBC News | date=September 12, 2016 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37316967 | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 43. ^1 {{cite web | last=Herskovitz | first=Jon | title=Brewing beer, Communist style, in North Korea | website=The New York Times | date=March 10, 2008 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/business/worldbusiness/10iht-beer.1.10865644.html | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 44. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | author=Song Ah, Seol | title=Bottled Water Gaining Popularity in Markets | website=Daily NK | date=September 30, 2014 | url=http://www.dailynk.com//english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=12360 | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 45. ^1 {{cite web | last=Hunwick | first=Robert Foyle | title=Getting Drunk in North Korea | website=The Atlantic | date=2013-09-04 | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/09/getting-drunk-in-north-korea/279310/ | accessdate=2017-05-19}} 46. ^1 {{cite web | author=Fullerton, Jamie | title=Munchies in North Korea: Sinking Pints in Pyongyang’s Beer Bars | website=Vice | date=March 29, 2017 | url=https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/munchies-in-north-korea-sinking-pints-in-pyongyangs-beer-bars | accessdate=May 19, 2017}} 47. ^1 {{cite book | last=Kim | first=M. | title=Escaping North Korea: Defiance and Hope in the World's Most Repressive Country | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-7425-5733-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9MjXrGDpdUC&pg=PA42 | accessdate=May 19, 2017 | page=42}} 48. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web | last=Lee | first=Je Son | title=Ask a North Korean: do you drink alcohol? | website=The Guardian | date=December 14, 2015 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/14/north-korea-defector-alcohol-do-you-drink | accessdate=May 20, 2017}} 49. ^1 {{cite web | title=Five interesting facts about North Korean leader Kim Jong-un | website=The Jakarta Post | date=February 18, 2017 | url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/02/18/five-interesting-facts-about-north-korean-leader-kim-jong-un.html | accessdate=May 20, 2017}} 50. ^1 {{cite web | last=Pearson | first=James | last2=Park | first2=Ju-min | title=Pyongyang Bling - The rise of North Korea's consumer comrades | website=Reuters UK | date=June 4, 2015 | url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-northkorea-change-consumption-idUKKBN0OJ2UY20150604 | accessdate=May 20, 2017}} 51. ^1 {{cite web | author=Fifield, Anna | title=North Korea’s one-percenters savor life in ‘Pyonghattan’ | website=Washington Post | date=May 14, 2016 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/north-koreas-one-percenters-savor-life-in-pyonghattan/2016/05/14/9f3b47ea-15fa-11e6-971a-dadf9ab18869_story.html | accessdate=May 20, 2017}} 52. ^1 {{cite web | title=Bread and circuses | website=The Economist | date=August 6, 2015 | url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21660551-propaganda-socialist-theme-park-relentless-so-march-money-bread-and-circuses | accessdate=May 20, 2017}} 53. ^1 {{cite web | author=Song Min, Choi | date=December 9, 2015 | title=North Korea's nouveau riche spend like there's no tomorrow | website=Daily NK | url=http://www.dailynk.com//english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=13625 | accessdate=May 20, 2017}} 54. ^1 {{cite web | last=Sang-Hun | first=Choe | title=As Economy Grows, North Korea’s Grip on Society Is Tested | website=The New York Times | date=April 30, 2017 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/30/world/asia/north-korea-economy-marketplace.html | accessdate=May 20, 2017}} }} Further reading
External links
1 : North Korean cuisine |
||||||||||||||||||||||
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。