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词条 Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider
释义

  1. Development

  2. See also

  3. References

  4. External links

{{short description|Bomber aircraft under development by Northrop Grumman}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}
name= B-21 Raiderimage= File:Artist Rendering B21 Bomber Air Force Official.jpgcaption= U.S. Air Force artist rendering of B-21 Raideralt= B-21 Raider artist rendering

}}{{Infobox aircraft type

type= Stealth Strategic bombernational origin= United Statesmanufacturer= Northrop Grummanfirst flight= introduction=introduced= retired= status= In developmentprimary user= United States Air Forcemore users= produced= number built= program cost= unit cost= US$564 million (FY2016, projected)[1] developed from= variants with their own articles= developed into=
}}

The Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider is an American heavy bomber under development by Northrop Grumman. As part of the Long Range Strike Bomber program (LRS-B), it is to be a very long-range, stealth strategic bomber for the United States Air Force capable of delivering conventional and thermonuclear weapons.[2][3][4]

The bomber is expected to enter service by 2025. It is to complement existing Rockwell B-1 Lancer, Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit,[5] and Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bomber fleets in U.S. service and eventually replace these bombers.[6][7]

Development

{{main|Next-Generation Bomber|Long Range Strike Bomber program}}

A request for proposal to develop the aircraft was issued in July 2014. The Air Force initial plans were to acquire 80 to 100 LRS-B aircraft at a cost of $550 million per unit (2010) and envisions some 175 to 200 to be in service eventually.[8][9] A development contract was awarded to Northrop Grumman in October 2015. A media report states that the bomber could also be used as an intelligence gatherer, battle manager, and interceptor aircraft.[10]

At the 2016 Air Warfare Symposium, the LRS-B was formally designated "B-21", signifying the aircraft as the 21st century's first bomber.[11] Then-Secretary of the Air Force Deborah Lee James stated that the B-21 is a fifth-generation global precision attack platform that will give the United States networked sensor-shoot capability, thus holding targets at risk.[12] The head of the U.S. Air Force Global Strike Command expects that 100 B-21 bombers will be the minimum ordered and envisions some 175–200 bombers in service.[13][14] Two internal USAF studies suggest that Air Force could increase its B-21 purchase from between 80 and 100 to as many as 145 aircraft.[15] Initial operating capability is expected to be reached by 2030.[11][16]

In March 2016, the USAF announced seven tier-one suppliers for the program: Pratt & Whitney; BAE Systems of Nashua, New Hampshire; Spirit AeroSystems of Wichita, Kansas; Orbital ATK of Clearfield, Utah and Dayton, Ohio; Rockwell Collins of Cedar Rapids, Iowa; GKN Aerospace of St Louis, Missouri; and Janicki Industries of Sedro-Woolley, Washington.[17][18]

The F-35 program manager Chris Bogdan stated that the commonality of the B-21's engines should reduce the cost of the Pratt & Whitney F135 engine.[19] The B-21 will be designed from the start with an open systems architecture.[20]

In April 2016, it was reported that the U.S. Air Force Global Strike Command expected the required number to increase to a minimum of 100 B-21s.[21]

In July 2016, the U.S. Air Force stated they would not release the estimated cost for the B-21 contract with Northrop Grumman. The Air Force argued releasing the cost would reveal too much information about the classified project to potential adversaries. The United States Senate Committee on Armed Services also voted to not publicly release the program's cost, restricting the information to congressional defense committees over the objections of a bipartisan group of legislators led by the committee's chairman, Senator John McCain of Arizona.[22] Senator McCain's proposed revisions to the National Defense Authorization Act for FY2017 would have reduced authorization for the B-21 program by $302 million "due to a lower than expected contract award value", while requiring "strict... program baseline and cost control thresholds", "quarterly program performance reports", and "disclosure of the engineering and manufacturing development total contract award value..."[23]

On 19 September 2016, the B-21 was formally named "Raider" in honor of the Doolittle Raiders.[24] The last surviving Doolittle Raider, retired Lt. Col. Richard E. Cole, was present at the naming ceremony at the Air Force Association conference.[25]

The Government Accountability Office released a report on 25 October 2016 that sustained the Air Force's decision to award the LRS-B contract to Northrop Grumman. Cost was revealed to be the deciding factor in selecting Northrop Grumman over the Boeing and Lockheed Martin team.[26][27]

The Air Force is planning to acquire a new long-range fighter, known as "Penetrating Counter-Air", that would accompany the B-21 Raider deep into enemy territory. The new fighter, of which few details are known, would help the bomber survive enemy air defenses.[28][29][30]

Final assembly of the B-21 is expected to take place at United States Air Force Plant 42 near Palmdale, California, at the same facility used during the 1980s and 1990s for Northrop B-2 production. Northrop Grumman was awarded a $35.8 million contract modification for a large coatings facility set to be completed in 2019. Journalists touring Plant 42 reported, "while Northrop would not specify that they planned to produce the B-21 at that location, officials were all but winking and nodding at the subject."[31]

Maintenance and sustainment of the B-21 will be coordinated by Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma, while Edwards Air Force Base, California will lead testing and evaluation.[32] The B-21 is expected to operate out of bases currently servicing heavy bombers, such as Dyess Air Force Base, Texas, Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota, and Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri.[33] On 27 March 2019, Ellsworth Air Force Base was selected as the Air Force Base to host the first operational B-21 Raider bomber unit and the first formal training unit.[34]

See also

{{Portal|Aviation|United States Air Force}}{{aircontent
|see also=
  • 2037 Bomber

|related=
  • Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit

|similar aircraft=
  • Tupolev PAK DA
  • Xian H-20

|lists=
  • List of bomber aircraft

}}

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/R44463.pdf |format=PDF |title=Air Force B-21 Raider Long-Range Strike Bomber |last=Gertler |first=Jeremiah |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=2017-06-17 |accessdate=2018-03-25}}
2. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/486167/af-moves-forward-with-future-bomber.aspx |title= AF moves forward with future bomber |first= Ed |last= Gulick |publisher= U.S. Air Force |date=12 July 2014 }}
3. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-stealth-bomber-20150208-story.html#page=1 |work= The LA Times |title=New stealth bomber contract likely to be boon for Antelope Valley |first= Melody |last= Petersen |date=7 February 2015}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/the-northrop-grumman-b-21-stealth-bomber-simply-unstoppable-19931 |title=The Northrop Grumman B-21 Stealth Bomber: Simply Unstoppable? |first=Kris |last=Osborn |website=The National Interest}}
5. ^{{cite news |title=Air Force B-21 Raider Long-Range Strike Bomber |url=http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R44463 |work=Congressional Research Service (CRS) |author=Jeremiah Gertler |date=7 June 2017 |quote=B-21s would initially replace aging B-1 and B-52 bombers, and would possibly replace B-2s in the future. |access-date=23 January 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
6. ^{{cite news |title=New B-21 bomber named 'Raider': U.S. Air Force |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-airforce-northrop-grumman-bomber-idUSKCN11P1TZ |work=Reuters |date=19 September 2016 |access-date=23 April 2017 |quote=The stealth B-21, the first new U.S. bomber of the 21st century, is part of an effort to replace the Air Force's aging B-52 and B-1 bombers, though it is not slated to be ready for combat use before 2025.}}
7. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.defensenews.com/smr/federal-budget/2018/02/12/air-force-requests-1563-billion-in-fy19-plans-to-retire-b-1-b-2-fleets/ |title=US Air Force requests $156.3 billion in FY19, plans to retire B-1, B-2 fleets |work=Defense News |date=12 February 2018 |access-date=13 February 2018}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usaf-global-strike-chief-seeks-beefed-up-bomber-forc-422469/|title=USAF Global Strike chief seeks beefed-up bomber force|date=26 February 2016|publisher=}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://aviationweek.com/blog/lrsb-yet-another-tale-two-protests |first =Amy |last= Hillis |title=LRSB: (Yet Another) Tale of Two Protests |date= 2015-11-06 |work= Aviation Week |access-date=2016-02-27}}
10. ^{{cite web |last=Weisgerber |first=Marcus |url=http://www.defenseone.com/technology/2015/09/air-force-bomber-missions-bombs/120881/?oref=search_Long%20Range%20Strike-Bomber |title=Here Are A Few Things the New Air Force Bomber Will Do Besides Drop Bombs |publisher= Defense One |date=2015-09-13 |access-date= 2016-03-02}}
11. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/673784/air-force-reveals-b-21-long-range-strike-bomber.aspx |title= Air Force reveals B-21 Long Range Strike Bomber |publisher= USAF |date=2016-02-26 |access-date= 2016-03-02}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usaf-reveals-northrops-b-21-long-range-strike-bombe-422459/ |title= USAF reveals Northrop's B-21 long-range strike bomber |work =Flight global |date=2016-02-26 |access-date=2016-03-02}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://breakingdefense.com/2017/02/coatings-plant-offers-hints-on-b-21-production/|title=Coatings Plant Offers Hints On B-21 Production|first=Colin|last=Clark|publisher=}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usaf-global-strike-chief-seeks-beefed-up-bomber-forc-422469/ |title=USAF Global Strike chief seeks beefed-up bomber force |work =Flight global |date= 2016-02-26 |access-date= 2016-03-02}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/70824/us-air-force-could-substantially-increase-b-21-buy|title=US Air Force could substantially increase B-21 buy - Jane's 360|website=janes.com}}
16. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/blog/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?ID=2229 |title=Air Force Official: Releasing Full B-21 Contract Value 'Too Insightful' For Enemies |last1=Machi |first1=Vivienne |date=21 June 2016 |website=National defense magazine |publisher=National Defense Industrial Association |access-date=21 June 2016 }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
17. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usaf-names-seven-top-tier-northrop-b-21-suppliers-422840/ |title= USAF names seven top-tier Northrop B-21 suppliers |work= Flight global |date=2016-03-08 |access-date= 2016-03-09}}
18. ^{{cite web|title=Spirit’s work on new B-21 Bomber will require new jobs|url=http://www.kansas.com/news/business/aviation/article154123839.html|publisher=The Wichita Eagle|access-date=3 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603091154/http://www.kansas.com/news/business/aviation/article154123839.html|archivedate=3 June 2017|date=2 June 2017}}
19. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-utx-bomber-idUSKCN0WC2YZ |title= U.S. F-35 chief expects savings after Pratt's B-21 bomber win |last1= Shalal |first1=Andrea |date=10 March 2016 |website= Reuters |publisher=Thomson Reuters |access-date=10 March 2016}}
20. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lockkeed-fighter-upgrades-idUSKCN0WP2XB |title=Pentagon to move ahead with $3 billion F-35 upgrade program in 2018 |last1=Shalal |first1= Andrea |date=23 March 2016 |website= Reuters |access-date= 24 March 2016}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usaf-basing-revised-bomber-count-on-minimum-of-100-424433/ |title= USAF basing revised bomber count on 'minimum' of 100 B-21s |last= Drew |first=James |date=20 April 2016 |website=Flight Global |access-date= 26 April 2016}}
22. ^{{cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Zachary |title=New stealth bomber's cost is under the radar |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/05/politics/b-21-stealth-bomber-cost-secrecy/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=5 July 2016 |access-date= 5 July 2016}}
23. ^{{cite web |title= Proposed National Defense Authorization Act For Fiscal Year 2017 |url=http://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/FY17%20NDAA%20Bill%20Summary.pdf |publisher=U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee |access-date= 6 August 2016}}
24. ^{{cite web |title=The B-21 has a name: Raider |url= http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/948366/the-b-21-has-a-name-raider.aspx |publisher=USAF |date= 19 September 2016 |access-date= 21 September 2016}}
25. ^[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/last-surviving-doolittle-raider-rises-to-name-northr-429496/ "Last surviving Doolittle Raider rises to name Northrop B-21"]. Flight Global, 20 September 2016.
26. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/articles/game-over-gao-protest-reveals-cost-was-deciding-factor-in-b-21-contest |title= Game Over: GAO Protest Reveals Cost Was Deciding Factor in B-21 Contest |website= Defense News |access-date=2016-10-26}}
27. ^B-412441 report. 16 February 2016.
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a22950/air-force-new-long-range-fighter/|title=The Air Force Wants a New Fighter to Accompany Its New Stealth Bomber|date=20 September 2016|publisher=}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://breakingdefense.com/2016/09/b-21-bomber-estimate-by-cape-511m-a-copy/|title=B-21 Bomber Estimate By CAPE: $511M A Copy|first=Colin|last=Clark|publisher=}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://thediplomat.com/2016/09/a-raider-and-his-little-buddy-which-fighter-will-accompany-the-usafs-b-21/|title=A Raider and His 'Little Buddy': Which Fighter Will Accompany the USAF's B-21?|first=Robert Farley, The|last=Diplomat|publisher=}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2017/02/01/new-northrop-facility-deal-likely-meant-for-b-21-stealth-coating/ |title=New Northrop facility deal likely meant for B-21 stealth coating |date=1 February 2017 |publisher=Defense News}}
32. ^{{cite web |title=Air Force announces bases to support B-21 Raider mission |url=https://www.tinker.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1693635/air-force-announces-bases-to-support-b-21-raider-mission/ |website=tinker.af.mil |publisher=Secretary of the Air Force Public Affairs |accessdate=February 11, 2019 |language=English |date=November 16, 2018 |quote=The Air Force has selected Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma, to coordinate maintenance and sustainment of the B-21 Raider and Edwards AFB, California, to lead testing and evaluation of the next generation long-range strike bomber.}}
33. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ellsworth.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1510828/air-force-selects-locations-for-b-21-aircraft|title=Air Force selects locations for B-21 aircraft|website=Ellsworth Air Force Base|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-08}}
34. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1797946/air-force-announces-ellsworth-afb-as-first-b-21-base/|title=Air Force announces Ellsworth AFB as first B-21 base|website=af.mil|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-27}}

External links

  • Northrop Grumman official webpage of B-21
{{Grumman aircraft}}{{USAF bomber aircraft}}

6 : Northrop Grumman aircraft|Proposed military aircraft of the United States|Flying wings|Stealth aircraft|Black projects|United States bomber aircraft
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