词条 | Nyayakusumanjali |
释义 |
An outline of Nyaya-kusumanjaliIn Indian philosophical writings a prakarana refers to a genre of work that may be considered as roughly equivalent to the Western concept of a monograph. Nyayakusumanjali is a treatise belonging to this genre. Since the work consists of verses (known as karikas) interspersed with prose, it can be considered as a work of the genre Misra-prakarana (meaning "mixed-prakarana"). There are seventy-three verses in Nyayakusumanjali. These verses are distributed unevenly in five chapters (called Stabakas, that is, "cluster of blossoms" or "bunch of flowers"). These chapters contain respectively twenty, four, twenty-three, six and twenty verses. These verses form the core of the work, the prose passage that accompanies each being an elaborate explanation of it. After a few introductory lines, Udayana enumerates five principal arguments which are said to invalidate the existence of Isvara: "With regard to this there are five erroneous opinions (which assert that there exists no Isvara) on the ground that:
The various chapters of the Nyayakusumanjali deal with and refute these five erroneous opinions in the order in which they have been enunciated. However, some scholars are of the opinion that the first Stabaka refutes the view of the Carvakas, the second the view of the Mimamsakas, the third that of the Buddhists, the fourth that of the Jains and the fifth the view of the Samkhyins.[4] Of the five chapters, the first four chapters have a negative tone in the sense that their main intention is to refute the objections of the different schools against the existence of Isvara. The last chapter has a positive tone in the sense that it tries to produce arguments and proofs for the existence of Isvara. Stabaka 1The first Stabaka begins with a dedicatory verse and it is followed with a statement regarding the theme dealt with in the book, namely the Supreme Soul. The author then summarises the reason for the logical discussion on Isvara: Despite the fact that Isvara is acknowledged by all philosophical schools and religious sects under some name or other, this study which is to be designated as reflection is made as an act of worship (upäsanä) that comes after the listening to the scriptures (sravanam). Then the five objections against the existence of Isvara are listed. Udayana lists five arguments for the existence of a supra-mundane means for attaining the other world. There is a supra-mundane cause because of the following reasons:
The discussion of these five arguments forms the subject matter of the first Stabaka. Stabaka 2In this Stabaka, Udayana tries to refute the argument that the transmission of Dharma or religious duties is possible without an Isvara. Udayana argues that the transmission of Dharma or religious duties is possible, because of the following reasons:
The explanation of these four themes forms the content of the second Stabaka. Stabaka 3Taking one by one the different means of valid cognition admitted by the opponents, Udayana shows in this Stabaka that none of them can disprove the existence of Isvara.
Stabaka 4The major portion of this Stabaka is devoted to the refutation of the Mimamsaka theory that valid cognition must be of an object not previously cognised. Udayana then shows that the cognition of Isvara cannot be said to be invalid even according to the definition of valid cognition given by the opponents. Stabaka 5Udayana brings forward in this Stabaka a number of proofs to establish the existence of Isvara. The various proofs can be summarized as follows. Isvara's existence is established from:
Other works by UdayanaSeven works have been ascribed to Udayana. The following are the titles of the works in the chronological order in which they are believed to have been composed.[5]
See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Edward Byles Cowell , Udayaṇācārya , Haridāsa Bhaṭṭācāryya|title=The Kusumānjali; Or, Hindu Proof of the Existence of a Supreme Being|date=1864|publisher=Printed at the Baptist Mission Press|url=https://archive.org/details/kusumnjaliorhin00bhagoog|accessdate=23 November 2016|ref=proof}} {{Indian Philosophy}}2. ^{{cite book|last1=Ben-Ami Scharfstein|title=A Comparative History of World Philosophy: From the Upanishads to Kant|date=1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780791436837|page=276}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=George Chemparathy|title=An Indian rational Theology: Introduction to Udayana's Nyakusumanjali|date=1972|publisher=Indologisches Institut der Universität Wien, Sammlung De Nobili|location=Druck: Ernst Becvar, A-1130 Wien|page=44}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|last1=George Chemparathy|title=An Indian rational Theology: Introduction to Udayana's Nyakusumanjali|date=1972|publisher=Indologisches Institut der Universität Wien, Sammlung De Nobili|location=Druck: Ernst Becvar, A-1130 Wien|page=35}} 5. ^{{cite book|last1=George Chemparathy|title=An Indian rational Theology: Introduction to Udayana's Nyakusumanjali|date=1972|publisher=Indologisches Institut der Universität Wien, Sammlung De Nobili|location=Druck: Ernst Becvar, A-1130 Wien|page=22}} 5 : Arguments for the existence of God|Indian philosophy|Nyaya|Philosophy of religion|10th-century works |
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