| 词条 | October 2017 Northern California wildfires | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| title = October 2017 Northern California wildfires | image = California fires ESA385120.jpg | image_size = 300 | caption = Copernicus Sentinel-3A satellite picture, October 9 | location = Northern California | reference = [1] | total_fires = 250[1] | total_area = At least {{Convert|245,000|acre|ha|0}} | cost = ~$14.5 billion (2017 USD)[1][2] | date = {{Start date|2017|10|8}} – {{End date|2017|10|31}} | injuries = 192[5][6] | fatalities = 44 civilians[7] | buildings = 8,900 }}{{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|38.8|-122.2}} | zoom = 7 | float = right | width = 300 | height = 250 | caption = Location of Northern California wildfires | title = | scalemark = 0 | minimap = | mini-file = | mini-width = | mini-height = | minipog-x = | minipog-y = | shape1 = image | mark1 = FireIcon.svg | mark-size1 = 20 | mark-coord1 = {{coord|39.6249619|-121.5296674}} | label1 = Cherokee | label-pos1 = top | label-size1 = 12 |label-color1 = black |mark-title1= Cherokee | mark-coord2={{coord|38.3920607|-122.2436714}} | label2 = Atlas | label-pos2=top |mark-title2=Atlas | mark-coord3={{coord|38.6089566|-122.6287937}} | label3 = Tubbs | label-pos3=top |mark-title3=Tubbs | mark-coord4={{Coord|38.3968369|-122.5351523}} | label4 = Nuns | label-pos4=left |label-offset-y4 = -5 |mark-title4=Nuns | mark-coord5={{coord|38.3180233|-122.3905277}} | label5 = Partrick | label-pos5=right |label-offset-y5 = 5 |mark-title5=Partrick | mark-coord6={{coord|39.3945506|-121.4061356}} | label6 = La Porte | label-pos6=bottom |mark-title6=La Porte | mark-coord7={{coord|39.3219857|-121.4021045}} | label7 = Cascade | label-pos7=top |mark-title7=Cascade | mark-coord8={{coord|39.346246|-123.1410313}} | label8 = Redwood Complex | label-pos8=top |mark-title8=Redwood Complex | mark-coord9={{coord|39.0138746|-122.6454355}} | label9 = Sulphur | label-pos9=top |mark-title9=Sulphur | mark-coord10={{coord|38.1424212|-122.473011}} | label10 = 37 | label-pos10=bottom |mark-title10=37 | mark-coord11={{coord|38.366853|-122.64001}} | label11 = Pressley | label-pos11= bottom |label-offset-y11 = -5 |mark-title11=Pressley | mark-coord12={{coord|38.3976441|-122.6046753}} | label12 = Adobe | label-pos12= left |label-offset-y12 = 5 |mark-title12=Adobe | mark-coord13={{coord|38.7654946|-122.9093957}} | label13 = Pocket | label-pos13= left |label-offset-y13 = 5 |mark-title13=Pocket }} The October 2017 Northern California wildfires, also known as the Northern California firestorm, North Bay Fires, and the Wine Country Fires[3] were a series of 250 wildfires that started burning across the state of California, United States, beginning in early October. Twenty-one became major fires that burned at least {{Convert|245,000|acre|ha|0}}.[4] The wildfires broke out throughout Napa, Lake, Sonoma, Mendocino, Butte, and Solano Counties during severe fire weather conditions, effectively leading to a major red flag warning for much of the Northern California area. Pacific Gas and Electric reported that red flag conditions existed in 44 of the 49 counties in its service area.[5] Seventeen separate wildfires were reported at that time.[6] These fires included the Tubbs Fire (which grew to become the most destructive wildfire in the history of California up until that time - fires in 2018 were more destructive),[4][7] the Atlas Fire, Nuns Fire, and others. These wildfires were also the most destructive ones of the 2017 California wildfire season. The October 2017 fires were the costliest group of wildfires on record, causing around $14.5 billion (2017 USD) in damages, including $11 billion in insured losses and $1.5 billion in fire suppression costs,[1][2] surpassing the 1991 Oakland firestorm, which until then had been the single costliest fire on record.[8][9] In addition, the Northern California fires were predicted to cost the US economy at least $85 billion.[10] Owing to the extreme conditions, shortly after the fires ignited on October 8 and 9, they rapidly grew to become extensive, full-scale incidents spanning from {{convert|1,000|acre|ha|abbr=off}} to well over {{convert|20,000|acre|ha}}, each within a single day. By October 14, the fires had burned more than {{convert|210,000|acre|ha}}[4] while forcing 90,000 people to evacuate from their homes.[11] In total, the Northern California fires killed 44 people[12] and hospitalized at least 192 others,[13][14] making this one of the deadliest wildfire events in the United States during the past century.[15][16][4][17][18] WeatherDays prior to the wildfires, the National Weather Service had begun issuing red-flag warnings throughout much of northern California as conditions were expected to become extremely volatile, with winds expected to be gusting between {{convert|25|and|35|mph}} from the north to the south.[19] By the evening of October 8, the Diablo winds were reported gusting up to {{convert|70|mph}} within the affected areas as over a dozen wildfires began to break out.[20] Impact and reactionMany of those killed in the fires are believed to have died late on October 8 or early on October 9, 2017, when most of the fires broke out overnight. Most of the victims were elderly, though the ages of the victims ranged from 14 to 100 years old.[21] On October 9, California governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency for the counties of Napa, Sonoma, Yuba, Butte, Lake, Mendocino, Nevada, and Orange, and sent a letter to the White House requesting a major disaster declaration.[22][23] President Donald Trump approved the disaster declaration on October 10.[22] That evening, Gov. Brown issued an emergency declaration for Solano County.[22] Surveying the region, representative Mike Thompson of California's 5th congressional district said, "I fully expect this will be the worst fire disaster in California history."[22] More than 10,000 firefighters battled the blaze, using more than 1000 fire engines and other equipment, with crews arriving from as far away as Canada and Australia.[11][21] Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) reported mobilizing 4,300 workers to restore power.[5] It also said that more than 350,000 customers had lost electric service and 42,000 customers gas service since the wildfires began on October 8. By October 14, PG&E had restored electricity to 92% and gas service to 16,800 of the customers affected.[18][5]Reinsurance broker Aon Benfield stated that these are the costliest wildfires in U.S. history, with an estimated eight billion U.S. dollars in insured losses. The largest portion of these losses was to residential property. Additional losses were to automobiles, commercial property including business interruption insurance, and to crops. Many of the losses were in urban areas not historically prone to wildfire exposure.[24] Air pollutionBy October 12, the air quality in the city of Napa was ranked the poorest in the nation, due to high levels of particulates and ozone.[25] By October 13, air quality in the city reached the "hazardous" level, the most dangerous on the Environmental Protection Agency scale.[18] In Solano County, over 250 people were sickened by smoke inhalation, and sought care at hospitals. Twenty-three were admitted to emergency rooms.[25] By October 12, smoke from the wildfires had spread nearly 100 miles, with "unhealthy" air quality indices registered in the cities of Oakland, San Francisco, and San Rafael.[25] Due to the poor air quality, San Francisco State University canceled classes, and outdoor activities were canceled in a number of cities, including Danville, Palo Alto, and Walnut Creek.[26] Visibility issues spurred the Federal Aviation Administration to implement a ground delay program at San Francisco International Airport, and nearly 280 flights were canceled over a three-day period.[27] Over a week after the fires started, flights continued to be canceled and delayed due to poor visibility from the smoke.[28] Fires
Cherokee FireThe Cherokee Fire broke out on the evening of Sunday, October 8, near Oroville in Butte County just after 9 PM PDT. Reportedly igniting near Cherokee Road, the fire quickly expanded from hundreds to thousands of acres within a few hours of burning as it threatened nearby Oroville and surrounding rural neighborhoods.[41] Atlas Fire{{Main|Atlas Fire}}The Atlas Fire burned Napa County, north of the city of Napa, near Napa Soda Springs.[30] On October 29, the fire had burned 51,057 acres and was 100% contained.[30] Tubbs Fire{{Main|Tubbs Fire}}The Tubbs Fire started near Tubbs Lane in Calistoga on the evening of October 8, 2017 and has burned at least {{Convert|34,000|acre|ha|0}}.[22][42] In the Fountain Grove area numerous homes, the Fountaingrove Inn, the historic Round Barn, and a Hilton resort were destroyed.[43] By October 14, the death toll from this fire alone had risen to 20.[18] By October 20, the Tubbs Fire had become the most destructive wildfire in the history of California.[4][7] This was later surpassed by the Camp Fire (2018) Nuns FireThe Nuns Fire, centered in the areas to the east and north of the city of Sonoma, merged with the Norrbom fire on October 11.[44] The Adobe fire merged with Nuns/Norrbom on October 12.[4] The Partrick fire joined the four-fire conflagration on October 13.[26] By October 16, the combined fire, which now also included the Pressley fire, covered over 48,000 acres.[32] On October 18, the Oakmont Fire merged into the Nuns Fire, and the combined fire grew to over 54,000 acres in size.[4] InvestigationBased on the investigation by CalFire, it has been found that Pacific Gas & Electric equipment was the cause of all of the individual fires except for the Tubbs Fire.[45] In January 2019 CalFire determined the Tubbs Fire was caused by incorrectly maintained electrical equipment owned by a private landowner.[46] News media noted reports of wind-damaged power equipment around the time the fires were starting.[84] Pacific Gas & Electric stated that strong winds had affected the utility's power lines in the North Bay area on late October 8 and early October 9.[47] A California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) spokesperson stated that investigators were considering this among other possible causes.[84] The California Public Utilities Commission sent PG&E a notification to preserve equipment, emails, and documents relevant to the utility's tree-trimming program.[48] CAL FIRE Director Ken Pimlott discouraged premature speculation of causes, stating that, "The facts will come out when the investigations are done."[49] See also
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23 dead in Wine Country fires; parts of city of Napa warned|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Live-updates-23-dead-in-Wine-Country-fires-12271728.php|access-date=October 11, 2017|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=October 11, 2017}} 23. ^{{cite news|last1=Wong|first1=Julia Carrie|last2=Gee|first2=Alastair|title=California wildfires: 10 killed in 'unprecedented' wine country blaze|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/oct/09/california-wildfires-wine-country-blaze|access-date=October 9, 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|date=October 9, 2017}} 24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.propertycasualty360.com/2017/11/21/2017-to-be-one-of-the-costliest-catastrophe-loss-y|title=2017 to be one of the costliest catastrophe loss years ever, Fitch says |last=Ling |first=Danielle |date=November 21, 2017 |website=Property Casualty 360° |publisher=ALM Media, LLC |access-date=November 21, 2017}} 25. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Lyons|first1=Jenna|last2=Rubenstein|first2=Steve|last3=Gutierrez|first3=Melody|title=Live updates: Fire death toll at 29 in Northern California fires|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Live-updates-23-dead-in-Wine-Country-fires-12271728.php|access-date=October 12, 2017|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=October 12, 2017}} 26. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Lyons|first1=Jenna|last2=Ma|first2=Annie|last3=Egelko|first3=Bob|last4=Gutierrez|first4=Melody|title=Live updates: Death toll rises to 32 in Northern California wildfires|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Live-updates-Death-toll-climbs-to-29-in-Northern-12274332.php|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=October 13, 2017|date=October 13, 2017}} 27. ^{{cite news|last1=Ioannou|first1=Filipa|title=Wildfire smoke continues to delay, cancel flights at SFO|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/sfo-cancellations-delays-wildfire-smoke-flights-12276205.php|access-date=October 13, 2017|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=October 13, 2017}} 28. ^{{cite news|last1=Ioannou|first1=Filipa|title=Smoke continues to cause delays and cancellations at SFO|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/sfo-smoke-cancelled-flights-delays-air-fires-12285480.php|accessdate=October 17, 2017|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=October 17, 2017}} 29. ^{{cite web|title=Cherokee Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1865|website=CAL FIRE|date=October 8, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2018}} 30. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1866|title=Atlas Fire|website=CAL FIRE|date=October 8, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2018}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1867|title=Tubbs Fire|website=CAL FIRE|date=October 9, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2018}} 32. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1868|title=Nuns Fire|website=CAL FIRE|date=October 9, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2018}} 33. ^Peter Fimrite & Kurtis Alexander, 17-year-old dies of burns, becomes 43rd victim of California wildfires, San Francisco Chronicle (October 30, 2017). 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1874|title=Redwood Fire|website=CAL FIRE|date=October 9, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2018}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1870|title=La Porte Fire|website=CAL FIRE|date=October 9, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2018}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1871|title=Cascade Fire|website=CAL FIRE|date=October 9, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2018}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1876|title=Sulphur Fire|website=CAL FIRE|date=October 9, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2018}} 38. ^{{cite web |url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1883|title=Pocket Fire |date=October 12, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2018 |publisher=CalFire}} 39. ^{{cite web |title= Lobo Fire |url= https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5652/ |agency= Inci Web |access-date=October 9, 2017}} 40. ^1 {{cite web|title=Bear Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1902|website=CAL FIRE|date=October 19, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2018}} 41. ^{{cite news|title=Crews Working Fast-Moving Fire in Oroville Near Cherokee Road|url=http://fox40.com/2017/10/08/fire-crews-working-600-acre-fire-in-oroville-near-cherokee-road/|access-date=October 9, 2017|newspaper=FOX 40|date=October 9, 2017}} 42. ^{{cite news|title=Santa Rosa mayor: 2,834 homes destroyed in Tubbs Fire|url=http://www.kcra.com/article/santa-rosa-mayor-2834-homes-destroyed-in-tubbs-fire/12836229|access-date=October 12, 2017|newspaper=KCRA|date=October 12, 2017}} 43. ^{{cite news|title=Fire destroys Paradise Ridge Winery, Fountaingrove Inn, Willi's Wine Bar, other local landmarks|url=http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/7507522-181/santa-rosa-fire-consumes-businesses|access-date=October 9, 2017|newspaper=The Press Democrat|date=October 9, 2017}} 44. ^{{cite web|title=Incident Update|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/pub/cdf/images/incidentfile1866_2739.pdf|website=Cal Fire|access-date=October 13, 2017|date=October 12, 2017}} 45. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/8413929-181/cal-fire-pge-equipment-caused|title=Cal Fire: PG&E equipment caused 12 Northern California fires|date=2018-06-08|work=Santa Rosa Press Democrat|access-date=2018-06-10}} 46. ^{{cite news |last1=Callahan |first1=Mary |title=Cal Fire: Private equipment, not PG&E, caused Tubbs fire |url=https://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/9207814-181/cal-fire-says-tubbs-fire |accessdate=January 24, 2019 |work=Santa Rosa Press Democrat |date=January 24, 2019}} 47. ^{{cite news |title=Cause of raging Northern California fires remains under investigation, officials say |date=11 October 2017 |first=Dakota |last=Smith |publisher=Los Angeles Times |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-northern-california-fires-live-cause-of-raging-norcal-fires-remains-1507766476-htmlstory.html |accessdate=15 October 2017}} 48. ^{{cite news |last1=Baker| first1=David R. |title=California regulators tell PG&E to preserve fire evidence |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/California-regulators-tell-PG-E-to-preserve-fire-12274443.php |accessdate=November 22, 2017 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |publisher=SFGate |date=October 12, 2017}} 49. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=Downed lines, equipment failures among possible causes of Northern California wildfires |date=12 October 2017 |first=Hannah |last=Albarazi |publisher=CBS San Francisco |url=http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2017/10/12/downed-lines-equipment-failures-possible-causes-california-wildfires/ |accessdate=15 October 2017}} External links
2 : 2017 California wildfires|October 2017 events in the United States |
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