“Oil and gas industry in India”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The oil and gas industry in India dates back to 1889 when the first oil deposits in the country were discovered near the town of Digboi in the state of Assam. The natural gas industry in India began in the 1960s with the discovery of gas fields in Assam and Gujarat. As on 31 March 2018, India had estimated crude oil reserves of 594.49 million tonnes and natural gas reserves of 1339.57 billion cubic meters (BCM).^[1]

India imports 82% of its oil needs and aims to bring that down to 67% by 2022 by replacing it with local exploration, renewable energy and indigenous ethanol fuel.^[2] India was the third top net crude oil (including crude oil products) importer of 189 Mt in 2017.^[3]

History

The first oil deposits in India were discovered in 1889 near the town of Digboi in the state of Assam.^[4]

The natural gas industry in India began in 1889 with the discovery of gas fields in Assam and Gujarat. Natural gas gained further significance after the discovery of large reserves in the South Basin fields by ONGC in the 1970s.^[5]

Reserves

As on 31 March 2017, India had estimated crude oil reserves of 604.10 million tonnes (MT), declining by 2.76% from the previous year. The largest reserves are found in the Western Offshore (39.60%), and Assam (26.48%). The estimated reserves of natural gas in India as on 31 March 2017 was 1,227.40 billion cubic meters (BCM), increasing by 5.08% from the previous year. The largest reserves of natural gas are located in the Eastern Offshore (39.37%) and the Western Offshore (23.44%).^[6]

Distribution of reserves by state/region

The following table shows the estimated crude petroleum and natural gas reserves in India by state/region as on 31 March 2017.^[6]

Petroleum storage capacity

Building petroleum reserves like underground tank storage, above-ground tank storage, and fully developed and ready-to-exploit in situ reserves is a lucrative proposition for a oil-importing country like India as the oil exporters charge exorbitant prices when the oil demand is little more than supply.^[7] The Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is an emergency fuel store of total 5 MMT (million metric tons) or 31.5 MMbbl of strategic crude oil enough to provide 10 days of consumption which are maintained by the Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited.^[8]^[9]^[10] Strategic crude oil storages are at 3 underground locations in Mangalore, Visakhapatnam and Padur with ready access to the refineries on the east and west coasts.^[11] Another method to build up strategic petroleum reserve at low cost is to develop a proven oil field for higher oil extraction rate and keeping it reserved for full production on an intermittent basis when the global oil price cross the set upper limit. ^[12]^[13]

Two more SPRs will add strategic petroleum reserves of 12 days in addition to 10 days of reserves achieved in Phase I. These SPRs under Phase II will be located at Chandikhol in Odisha and Padur in Karnataka. Indian refiners maintain 65 days of crude storage, and when added to the SPR storage planned and achieved takes the Indian crude storage tally to 87 days. This is very close to the storage of 90 days mandated by IEA for member countries.^[14] The total storage figure is excluding the storage capacity of petroleum products with the marketing agencies and bulk consumers.

Oil and gas imports

India is heavily dependent on crude oil and LNG imports with 82.8% import dependence for crude oil and 45.3% for natural gas/LNG. The net foreign exchange outgo is 63.305 billion US$ in the financial year 2017-18 on account of crude oil imports. India generated 35.2 million tons of petroleum products from indigenous crude oil production whereas the consumption of petroleum products is 204.9 million tons. Similarly India generated 31.7 bcm natural gas locally against the consumption of 58.1 bcm.^[1] LNG price is linked to the prevailing crude oil price in global markets.^[15]

India is the third biggest oil importer after US and China in 2017.^[3] In the year 2019, US is going to become net exporter of LNG, LPG, crude oil and its products from its shale oil production boom.^[16]^[17]^[18] Shale oil production cost would be the lower ceiling price for the crude oil in international trade as its substantial production is consumed internally in US.^[19]^[20]

Due to lack of adequate petroleum reserves, India has to depend mostly on crude oil imports in near future till its renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, hydro and bio-mass are exploited adequately to achieve energy security by replacing the petroleum products consumption which are also major contributors to the air pollution.^[21] In such adverse situations, India has to proactively play a major role in global crude oil trade as swing oil producer by using its limited crude oil production base to bring down the high price of crude oil fixed by OPEC and the multinational crude oil production companies.^[7] International crude oil prices vary steeply for a small mismatch between global supply and global demand.^[22] To become swing oil producer, India should enhance crude oil extraction rate twice of the normally designed rate for continuous extraction from its developed oil fields and extract crude oil on intermittent basis only when crude oil prices exceed a preset upper ceiling value instead of continuously extracting oil.

Also, India and China being major oil importers, both countries should coordinate for mutual benefit while trading in global oil markets to moderate the crude oil price and nullify the oil pricing power of OPEC, etc.^[23]^[24] Normally, crude oil pricing and gold pricing exhibit opposite trends in global trading (i.e. while one appreciates the other depreciates). India should also procure crude oil in futures market by hedging gold.

Production

India produced 36.01 MTs of crude petroleum in 2016-17. India accounted for 0.92% of world oil production in 2016-18. Production of crude petroleum in India had a CAGR of 0.54% between 2007-08 and 2016-17. Oil fields in Rajasthan state are emerging as a major oil and gas producer.^[25] ONGC is developing the KG-DWN-98/2 block in Krishna-Godavari (KG) Basin with capex of about USD 5,076 million (approximately INR 340,000 million) leading to Peak oil production from the field to the extent of 78,000 bpd (4.1 million tons per year) and natural gas @16 million metric standard cubic meter per day or 5.84 million tons oil equivalent (MMTOE) per year. The capex works out to nearly USD 14.5 per barrel only for 5 years production period. ONGC has already developed from the proved oil and gas reserves to the extent of 462.12 MMTOE at very low capex comparable with that of OPEC countries.^[26]

India has deployed 159 rigs and drilled 545 production wells during 2017-18 which stands globally fifth but the oil and gas production is not commensurate with the wells drilled.^[1]

Among petroleum products, high speed diesel oil accounted for 42.08%, followed by Motor Gasoline (15.02%).^[6] India produced 31.90 billion cubic meters of natural gas in 2016-17, a decline of 1.09% from the previous fiscal. Production of natural gas in India had a CAGR of -0.16% between 2007-08 and 2016-17. India accounted for 0.77% of world natural gas production in 2016-17.^[6]

Petroleum refining

As on 31 March 2018, there were 23 crude oil refineries in India, of which 18 were state-owned, 3 were privately owned and 2 were joint ventures. The total oil refining capacity in India stood at 247.57 MMT, rising from 234 MT in the previous year. Refineries in India processed 251.93 MMT of oil in 2017-18 achieving a capacity utilization of 107.68%.^[1] With a total refining capacity of 69.2 MMTY, the state-owned Indian Oil Corporation was the largest refiner in the country by capacity. Indian Oil's refineries processed 65.191 MMT of crude oil in 2016-17.^[6]

Many refineries are using the lower end residual oil with higher sulphur content to produce more lighter oils (petrol, diesel, etc) by installing petroleum coker units.^[27] This process generates a solid fuel called Pet coke which has higher calorific value and sulphur. As developed countries have banned use of high sulphur pet coke and residual oils, these fuels further are converted in to synthetic natural gas and methanol in Methanation plants to avoid their disposal problem.^[28] Nearly 38% of residual fuel oils are consumed in the shipping sector. The International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), adopted by the IMO, has mandated that marine vessels shall not consume residual fuel oils (bunker fuel, etc) with a sulphur content greater than 0.1% from the year 2020.^[29] Thus complete use of residual oil or pet coke in gasification unit would be part of petroleum refining complexes/plants in future to avoid waste products disposal.^[30]

Taxation and pricing

In India, the pricing of fuel varies by state, though central taxes still are part of the pump price of fuel. The Central and state government's taxes make up nearly half of petrol's pump price. The Central govt has different taxes, which amount to about 24–26% of the final cost. The states taxes vary, but on average end up making about 20–25% of the final cost. As a result, approximately 50% of the pump cost goes to the government in the form of different taxes.

For example, in Bengaluru, Karnataka as of May 16, 2011, price of petrol is {{INRConvert|71.09}} per litre. Out of this, {{INRConvert|17.06}} go to Govt of India in the form of excise and customs tax. {{INRConvert|16.63}} is collected by state government in the form of sales tax and entry tax. Thus, a total of {{INRConvert|33.69}} is collected due to various taxes (which accounts for around 47% of the total price).^[31]

For Delhi petrol per liter price on April 2, 2018, the price charged to dealers was {{INRConvert|31.08}}, while central govt excise tax and cess was {{INRConvert|19.48}}, state govt VAT was {{INRConvert|15.70}} and dealer commission was {{INRConvert|3.60}}. So the price of petrol for the end user was {{INRConvert|73.83}}.^[32]

Consumption

India is the third largest consumer of crude oil in the world, after the United States and China. The country accounted 4.81% of total world oil consumption in 2016-17. The estimated total consumption of crude oil in India rose from 156.10 MMT in 2007-08 to 245.36 MMT in 2016-17 with a CAGR of 4.63%. High speed diesel oil accounted for 39.06% of total consumption of all types of petroleum products in 2016-17, followed by Petroleum Coke (12.31%), Petrol (12.21%), LPG (11.11%), and

Naphtha (6.80%). The country accounted 1.41% of total world natural gas consumption in 2016-17. The two largest consumers of natural gas are the fertilizer industry (30.38%) and power generation (24.28%). Use of natural gas as a domestic fuel accounted for 14.47% of total consumption. Natural gas is consumed for both energy (58.16%) and non-energy (41.84%) related uses.^[6]

India is highly dependent on import of crude oil. Net imports of crude oil rose from 121.67 MTs during 2007-08 to 213.93 MTs during 2016-17. Although more than 70% of its crude oil requirements and part of the petroleum product requirement is met from imports, India has developed sufficient processing capacity over the years to produce different petroleum products. As result, India is now a net exporter of petroleum products. The export of petroleum products increased from 40.75 MT in 2007-08 to 65.51 MT during 2016-17. The import of petroleum products increased from 22.46 MT in 2007-08 to 36.29 MT during 2016-17.^[6]

The gross import of natural gas increased from 8.32 BCM in 2007-08 to 18.63 BCM in 2016-17, recording a CAGR of 8.40%.^[6]

Electricity generation

Gas is an important source for electricity generation in India. As on 23 October 2015, the installed capacity of gas-based power plants in India was 25,057.13 MW, accounting for 7.9% of the total installed capacity. Diesel is a minor source for electricity generation in India. The total installed capacity of diesel-based power plants in utility sector of India is 927.89 MW accounting for a mere 0.3% of total installed capacity.^[33]

Excluding the utility sector DG sets, there are more than 90,000 MW DG sets (above 100 kVA capacity range) installed for back up power needs which is nearly 36% of the total installed capacity in utility sector of India.^[34] In addition, there are innumerable DG sets of capacity less than 100 kVA to cater to emergency power needs during the power outages in all sectors such as industrial, commercial, domestic and agriculture.^[35]

Petrol stations in India

As of October 2009 Essar has 1600 petrol stations in India which are supplied with petrol and diesel from its {{convert|280000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} refinery in Vadinar, Gujarat.^[38]

Indraprastha Gas Limited has started exclusive CNG fuel stations in India, particularly in the capital city Delhi. In recent years, state oil marketing companies have started rural petrol stations which are established in the interior villages, meant to help farmers and constructed with minimal investment. These stations sell pesticides, seeds, lanterns, and other goods that are needed by farmers besides petrol and diesel.

The details of the petrol stations owned by various companies in different states of India as of 31 March 2016 are:^[39]

See also

Notes

References

1. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web | url=http://petroleum.nic.in/sites/default/files/ipngstat_0.pdf | title= Indian PNG statstics 2017-18| accessdate=6 January 2019}}
2. ^India launches first auction of exploration blocks under new licensing policy, Economic Times, 18 Jan 2018.
3. ^¹{{cite web | url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf | title= BP Statistical Review of world energy June 2018| accessdate=6 January 2019}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/n_renew/digboi.htm |title=Digboi: The First Oil Well in India |work=EduGreen |publisher=The Energy and Resources Initiative |accessdate=23 July 2012}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=Natural gas scenario in India|url=http://petroleum.nic.in/docs/abtng.pdf |accessdate=18 November 2016}}
6. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{cite web|title=Energy Statistics 2018|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Energy_Statistics_2018.pdf|accessdate=28 April 2018}}
7. ^¹{{Cite web|url=http://graphics.wsj.com/oil-barrel-breakdown/|title=Cost of producing a barrel of oil and gas|accessdate=3 January 2018}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/land-acquisition-woes-push-filling-of-strategic-reserves-to-march-115122200213_1.html|title=Filling of strategic oil reserves delayed|accessdate=2015-12-23}}
9. ^Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - India to build up storage of crude oil {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418001150/http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/news/nts43834.htm |date=2009-04-18 }}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/industries/article-store-our-oil-and-take-two-thirds-for-free-uaes-offer-to-india-1275964|title=Store Our Oil And Take Two-Thirds For Free: UAE's Offer to India|accessdate=2016-02-10|publisher=NDTV}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.isprlindia.com/aboutus.asp|title=Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited|accessdate=2016-01-29}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://knoema.com/rqaebad/cost-of-producing-a-barrel-of-crude-oil-by-country|title=Operating cost of producing a barrel of crude oil by country|accessdate=3 January 2018}}
13. ^{{cite web|url= http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/A-Market-Collapse-Is-On-The-Horizon.html |title= A Market Collapse Is On The Horizon |accessdate=6 January 2018}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184239 |title=Opportunity for Public Private Partnership (PPP) in Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Program|accessdate=21 December 2018}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thebalance.com/crude-oil-versus-natural-gas-competing-energy-markets-808876 |title=Crude Oil Versus Natural Gas: Competing Energy |accessdate=13 July 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web | url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/How-US-Shale-Flipped-The-Script-In-Global-Oil-Markets.html | title= How U.S. Shale Flipped The Script In Global Oil Markets | accessdate=2 August 2018 }}
17. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.bpnews.com/index.php/publications/magazine/archive/1787-shale-boom-lowers-u-s-trade-deficit-by-250-billion | title= Shale boom lowers U.S. trade deficit by $250 billion | accessdate=7 January 2018 }}
18. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/craft-oil-lesser-known-side-americas-energy-industry/ | title= Craft Oil: The Lesser Known Side of America’s Energy Industry | accessdate=7 January 2018 }}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/NOPEC-Act-Is-A-Big-Concern-For-OPEC-Members.html |title=NOPEC Act Is A Big Concern For OPEC Members |accessdate=11 January 2019}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Record-Oil-Production-Wont-Free-The-US-From-Global-Markets.html |title=Record Oil Production Won’t Free The U.S. From Global Markets |accessdate=13 July 2018}}
21. ^{{cite web|url= http://helioscsp.com/an-entirely-renewable-energy-future-is-possible/ |title= An entirely renewable energy future is possible |accessdate=13 September 2018}}
22. ^{{cite web|url= https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/OPEC-Is-Losing-Its-Stranglehold-On-Oil-Prices.html |title= OPEC Is Losing Its Stranglehold On Oil Prices |accessdate=7 January 2019}}
23. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.energytrendsinsider.com/2015/01/20/everything-has-changed-oil-and-the-end-of-opec/| title=Everything Has Changed: Oil And The End Of OPEC| accessdate=17 December 2015}}
24. ^{{cite web| url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Whats-In-Store-For-OPEC-In-2019.html| title=What’s In Store For OPEC In 2019?| accessdate=1 January 2019}}
25. ^{{cite web| url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/cairn-oil-and-gas-mulling-rs-12000-crore-investment-to-increase-production-from-barmer-block/67131412| title=Cairn Oil and Gas mulling Rs 12,000 crore investment to increase production from Barmer block| accessdate=17 December 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/4e65d899-dc69-47f7-a477-4a061286a040/ar25082018.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-4e65d899-dc69-47f7-a477-4a061286a040-mr8LU.Y| title=Annual report 2017-18 of ONGC, (pages 7 and 251)| accessdate=17 December 2018}}
27. ^{{cite web|title= High Sulphur Content in Petroleum Coke |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137889 |accessdate=15 January 2017}}
28. ^{{cite web|title= Reliance Jamnagar pet coke gasification project |url=http://gasification2016.missionenergy.org/presentation/ril.pdf |accessdate=15 January 2017}}
29. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.usaee.org/usaee2014/submissions/OnlineProceedings/Implications%20of%20RFO%20Phase%20Out-Ramberg&VanVactor.pdf| title=Implications of Residual Fuel Oil Phase Out| accessdate=17 March 2017}}
30. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.epca.org.in/EPCA-Reports1999-1917/Acceptable-Fuels-furnace-oil-and-pet-coke-in-NCR-April04-2017.pdf| title=Ban on sale and use of furnace oil and pet coke in NCR | accessdate=17 March 2017}}
31. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/161967/half-you-pay-petrol-taxes.html |title=Half of what you pay for petrol is taxes |work=Deccan Herald |date=May 16, 2011 |accessdate=May 25, 2012 |first=Shamsheer |last=Yousaf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073348/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/161967/half-you-pay-petrol-taxes.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
32. ^ https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/oil-prices-decoded-who-gets-what-when-you-fill-up-your-vehicle-with-a-litre-of-fuel-petrol-diesel-2540707.html
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2016/installed_capacity-10.pdf |title=All India Installed Capacity of Utility Power Stations |accessdate=19 October 2016}}
34. ^{{cite web|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/gensets-add-up-to-under-half-of-installed-power-capacity/|title= Gensets add up to under half of installed power capacity; August, 2014 |accessdate=13 May 2015}}
35. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.gsma.com/membership/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/true-cost-providing-energy-telecom-towers-india.pdf|title= The True Cost of Providing Energy to Telecom Towers in India |accessdate=29 August 2015}}
36. ^https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/more-than-60000-petrol-pumps-in-india-45-jump-in-6-years/articleshow/61848964.cms
37. ^https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/india-needs-to-be-in-top-5-in-our-oil-products-business-ben-van-beurden-ceo-royal-dutch-shell/articleshow/63164309.cms
38. ^{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/article27428.ece |title=Business News : Essar cuts petrol, diesel prices |publisher=The Hindu |date=2009-10-01 |accessdate=2012-03-12}}
39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.petroleum.nic.in/docs/pngstat.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-06-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205032742/http://petroleum.nic.in/docs/pngstat.pdf |archivedate=2014-12-05 |df= }}