词条 | Old Hijazi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| name = Old Hejazi | region = Hejaz | era = 1st century to 7th century | familycolor = Afro-Asiatic | fam1 = Afroasiatic | fam2 = Semitic | fam3 = West Semitic | fam4 = Central | fam5 = Arabic | dia1 = | dia2 = | script = Dadanitic, Arabic, Greek | iso3 = none | image = Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg | imagesize = 300px | imagecaption = Birmingham Quran manuscript | glotto = none }} Old Hejazi, or Old Higazi, is a variety of Old Arabic attested in Hejaz from about the 1st century to the 7th century. It is the variety thought to underlie the Quranic Consonantal Text (QCT) and in its later iteration was the prestige spoken and written register of Arabic in the Umayyad Caliphate. ClassificationOld Ḥejāzī is characterized by the innovative relative pronoun ʾallaḏī ({{lang-ar|ٱلَّذِي}}), ʾallatī ({{lang-ar|ٱلَّتِي}}), etc., which is attested once in the inscription JSLih 384 and is the common form in the QCT[1], as opposed to the form ḏ- which is otherwise common to Old Arabic. The infinitive verbal complement is replaced with a subordinating clause ʾan yafʿala, attested in the QCT and a fragmentary Dadanitic inscription. The QCT along with the papyri of the first century after the Islamic conquests attest a form with an l-element between the demonstrative base and the distal particle, producing from the original proximal set ḏālika and tilka. The emphatic interdental and lateral were realized as voiced, in contrast to Northern Old Arabic, where they were voiceless. PhonologyConsonants
Notes:
Vowels
In contrast to Classical Arabic, Old Hejazi had the phonemes [{{IPA link|eː}}] and [{{IPA link|oː}}], which arose from the contraction of Old Arabic [aja] and [awa], respectively. It also may have had short [e] from the reduction of [{{IPA link|eː}}] in closed syllables:[4] The QCT attests a phenomenon of pausal final long -ī dropping, which was virtually obligatory.[5]
ExampleHere is an example of reconstructed Old Hejazi side-by-side with its classicized form, with remarks on phonology:
Notes:
GrammarProto-Arabic
NotesThe definite article spread areally among the Central Semitic languages and it would seem that Proto-Arabic lacked any overt marking of definiteness. Old Hejazi (Quranic Consonantal Text)
NotesIn JSLih 384, an early example of Old Hejazi, the Proto-Central Semitic /-t/ allomorph survives in bnt as opposed to /-ah/ < /-at/ in s1lmh. Old Ḥejāzī is characterized by the innovative relative pronoun ʾallaḏī, ʾallatī, etc., which is attested once in JSLih 384 and is the common form in the QCT.[1] The infinitive verbal complement is replaced with a subordinating clause ʾan yafʿala, attested in the QCT and a fragmentary Dadanitic inscription. The QCT along with the papyri of the first century after the Islamic conquests attest a form with an l-element between the demonstrative base and the distal particle, producing from the original proximal set ḏālika and tilka. Writing systemsDadaniticA single text, JSLih 384, composed in the Dadanitic script, from northwest Arabia, provides the only non-Nabataean example of Old Arabic from the Ḥijāz. Transitional Nabataeo-ArabicA growing corpus of texts carved in a script in between Classical Nabataean Aramaic and what is now called the Arabic script from Northwest Arabia provides further lexical and some morphological material for the later stages of Old Arabic in this region. The texts provide important insights as to the development of the Arabic script from its Nabataean forebear and are an important glimpse of the Old Ḥejāzī dialects. Arabic (Quranic Consonantal Text and 1st c. Papyri)The QCT represents an archaic form of Old Hejazi. Greek (Damascus Psalm Fragment)The Damascus Psalm Fragment in Greek script represents a later form of prestige spoken dialect in the Umayyad Empire that may have roots in Old Hejazi. It shares features with the QCT such as the non-assimilating /ʾal-/ article and the pronominal form /ḏālika/. However, it shows a phonological merger between [{{IPA link|eː}}] and [aː] and the development of a new front allophone of [a(ː)] in non-emphatic contexts, perhaps realized [e(ː)]. See also
References1. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6X29BwAAQBAJ|title=An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|date=2015-03-27|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004289826|location=|pages=48|quote=|via=}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|title=On the Voiceless Reflex of *ṣ́ and *ṯ ̣ in pre-Hilalian Maghrebian Arabic|url=https://www.academia.edu/20913515|journal=Journal of Arabic Linguistics |issue=62 |pages=88–95|year=2015|language=en}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Putten|first=Marijn van|title=The *ʔ in the Quranic Consonantal Text - Presented at NACAL45 (9-11 June 2017, Leiden)|url=https://www.academia.edu/33433562|language=en}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Putten|first=Marijn van|title=The development of the triphthongs in Quranic and Classical Arabic |journal=Arabian Epigraphic Notes |volume=3 |year=2017 |pages=47-74|url=https://www.academia.edu/32715681|language=en}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Stokes|first=Phillip|last2=Putten|first2=Marijn van|title=M. Van Putten & P.W. Stokes - Case in the Quranic Consonantal Text|url=https://www.academia.edu/31416066|language=en}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|title=One wāw to rule them all: the origins and fate of wawation in Arabic and its orthography|url=https://www.academia.edu/33017695|language=en}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://phoenixblog.typepad.com/blog/2017/05/the-people-of-the-thicket-evidence-for-multiple-scribes-of-the-quran.html|title=The people of the Thicket: Evidence for multiple scribes of a single Archetypal Quranic Text|website=Phoenix's blog|access-date=2017-06-01}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://phoenixblog.typepad.com/blog/2016/03/can-you-see-the-verb-to-see.html|title=Can you see the verb 'to see'?|website=Phoenix's blog|access-date=2017-08-14}} External links{{Arabic language}}{{Varieties of Arabic}}{{Semitic languages}} 4 : Arabic languages|History of the Arabian Peninsula|Languages attested from the 1st century|Languages extinct in the 7th century |
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