| 词条 | Aguas Calientes (volcano) |
| 释义 |
| name = Aguas Calientes | other_name = Cerro Aguas Calientes | photo = Volcanos Lascar left and Aguas Calientes right.jpg | photo_caption = Aguas Calientes on the right. The ridge on the left foreground is Cerro Corona. Behind it Lascar. | elevation_m = 5924 | elevation_ref = [1] | prominence_m = | prominence_ref= | parent_peak = | range = Andes | listing = List of volcanoes in Chile | location = Antofagasta, Chile | map = Chile | range_coordinates = | map_caption = Chile | map_size = 250 | coordinates = {{coord|23|21|47|S|67|40|55|W|type:mountain_region:CL_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref =[2] | type = Stratovolcano | age = | last_eruption = | first_ascent = | easiest_route = }} Aguas Calientes Volcano or Cerro Aguas Calientes, also called Simba,[2] is a cone-shaped stratovolcano located {{Convert|5|km|mi|0}} east of the Lascar volcano and {{convert|10|km}} north of Laguna Lejía, Chile.[2] Aguas Calientes is located within a {{convert|500|km2}} area where the Cordón de Puntas Negras and the Cordón Chalviri volcanic chains intersect.[2] The volcano is constructed from andesite and dacite containing hornblende and also anhydrite and its pyroclastics are all older than Lascar.[6][7] The volcano has a diameter of about {{convert|7|km}}.[8] Some xenoliths of calc-alkaline material are found in Aguas Calientes lavas, and magma mixing has generated lavas containing andesite inclusions in dacites. One eruption of Aguas Calientes postdates the first centre of Lascar and was originally linked to the Lascar Piedras Grandes eruption, before sampling on the deposits of this eruption indicated a relationship with the Lascar volcano itself.[9] Effusion of lava ceased after the cone was built.[10] One summit lava flow may be of Holocene age,[11] but no evidence of historical activity is found (González-Ferrán 1985). The volcano has been affected by glaciation. Glacial U-shaped valleys are found on the northern and western flanks, giving the volcano some angular patterns. One valley with glacial features and a subglacial river channel at {{convert|4650|m}} altitude is found on the northern flank. It extends down to the valley north of Aguas Calientes and intersects the youngest lavas of the volcano.[7] The volcano has a well formed summit crater.[11] A small crater lake is found within the Aguas Calientes summit crater, making it one of the highest lakes in the world at an altitude of {{convert|5870|m}}. The lake has a surface area of {{convert|2500|m2}}[2] and is tinged red from a population of microorganisms.[8] The lake water is acidic and is frequently influenced by activity from Lascar, with winds carrying sulfuric acid and water vapour clouds to the crater lake. Precipitation was measured at {{convert|146|mm/yr|in/year}} with most precipitation falling during the winter months,[2] and strong UV irradiation.[18] The lake has a bacterial ecosystem that is primarily reliant on photosynthesis but may also be influenced by hydrothermal activity from Aguas Calientes volcano.[19] Research has found only limited numbers of bacterial taxa and a large number of DNA sequences that can't be identified as known phylogenetic groups.[20] The lake has been studied as a possible terrestrial analogy to Mars.[2] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Gardeweg|first1=M. C.|last2=Sparks|first2=R. S. J.|last3=Matthews|first3=S. J.|title=Evolution of Lascar Volcano, Northern Chile|journal=Journal of the Geological Society|date=1 February 1998|volume=155|issue=1|pages=89–104|doi=10.1144/gsjgs.155.1.0089}} [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]2. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Matthews|first1=S. J.|last2=Jones|first2=A. P.|last3=Gardeweg|first3=M. C.|title=Lascar Volcano, Northern Chile; Evidence for Steady-State Disequilibrium|journal=Journal of Petrology|date=1 April 1994|volume=35|issue=2|pages=401–432|doi=10.1093/petrology/35.2.401}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Venzke|first1=Edward|title=Report on Lascar (Chile)|journal=Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network|date=1993|volume=18|issue=4|doi=10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199304-355100}} 4. ^1 {{cite gvp|vn=355100|title=Lascar}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal|last1=Cabrol|first1=Nathalie A.|last2=Grin|first2=Edmond A.|last3=Chong|first3=Guillermo|last4=Minkley|first4=Edwin|last5=Hock|first5=Andrew N.|last6=Yu|first6=Youngseob|last7=Bebout|first7=Leslie|last8=Fleming|first8=Erich|last9=Häder|first9=Donat P.|last10=Demergasso|first10=Cecilia|last11=Gibson|first11=John|last12=Escudero|first12=Lorena|last13=Dorador|first13=Cristina|last14=Lim|first14=Darlene|last15=Woosley|first15=Clayton|last16=Morris|first16=Robert L.|last17=Tambley|first17=Cristian|last18=Gaete|first18=Victor|last19=Galvez|first19=Matthieu E.|last20=Smith|first20=Eric|last21=Uskin-Peate|first21=Ingrid|last22=Salazar|first22=Carlos|last23=Dawidowicz|first23=G.|last24=Majerowicz|first24=J.|author-link3=Guillermo Chong|title=The High-Lakes Project|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|date=5 November 2009|volume=114|doi=10.1029/2008JG000818}} 6. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Demergasso|first1=Cecilia|last2=Dorador|first2=Cristina|last3=Meneses|first3=Daniela|last4=Blamey|first4=Jenny|last5=Cabrol|first5=Nathalie|last6=Escudero|first6=Lorena|last7=Chong|first7=Guillermo|author-link7=Guillermo Chong|title=Prokaryotic diversity pattern in high-altitude ecosystems of the Chilean Altiplano|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|date=17 August 2010|volume=115|doi=10.1029/2008JG000836}} 7. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Matthews|first1=S. J.|last2=Jones|first2=A. P.|last3=Beard|first3=A. D.|title=Buffering of melt oxygen fugacity by sulphur redox reactions in calc-alkaline magmas|journal=Journal of the Geological Society|date=1 October 1994|volume=151|issue=5|pages=815–823|doi=10.1144/gsjgs.151.5.0815}} 8. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Mapelli|first1=Francesca|last2=Marasco|first2=Ramona|last3=Rolli|first3=Eleonora|last4=Daffonchio|first4=Daniele|last5=Donachie|first5=Stuart|last6=Borin|first6=Sara|title=Volcanic Lakes|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-36833-2|pages=507–521}} 9. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Escudero|first1=Lorena|last2=Chong|first2=Guillermo|last3=Demergasso|first3=Cecilia|last4=Farías|first4=María Eugenia|last5=Cabrol|first5=Nathalie A.|last6=Grin|first6=Edmond|last7=Minkley Jr.|first7=Edwin|last8=Yu|first8=Yeoungeob|author-link2=Guillermo Chong|title=Investigating microbial diversity and UV radiation impact at the high-altitude Lake Aguas Calientes, Chile|journal=Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology X|date=1 October 2007|volume=6694|doi=10.1117/12.736970}} 10. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Zeil|first1=Werner|title=Die Verbreitung des jungen Vulkanismus in der Hochkordillere Nordchiles|journal=Geologische Rundschau|date=December 1964|volume=53|issue=2|page=756|doi=10.1007/BF02054561|language=de}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Volcanoes|url=http://highlakes.seti.org/volcanoes.html|website=High Lakes 2006 Expedition|accessdate=14 January 2016}} }}Sources
4 : Volcanoes of Antofagasta Region|Stratovolcanoes of Chile|Mountains of Chile|Crater lakes |
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