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词条 One rupee (Indian coin)
释义

  1. History

     Sur Empire  Madras Presidency  East India company  British Raj  One rupee coinage from 1835 to 1947  Independent India 

  2. Subunits

  3. Independent India coinage

     Frozen series (1947-1950)  Anna series (1950-1957)  Decimal series(1957-present)  Naya paisa series(1957-1964)  Aluminium series (1964-2011)  Contemporary coins (present) 

  4. Mintage

     Mint marks 

  5. See also

  6. References

{{Infobox coin
| Denomination = One Indian rupee coin
| Country = India
| Value = 1
| Unit = Indian rupee
| Mass_g = 3.76
| Mass_troy_oz =
| Mass_grain =
| Mass_ounce =
| Mass_special =
| Gold_troy_oz =
| Silver_troy_oz =
| Diameter_mm = 21.93
| Diameter_inch = 0.86
| Diameter_special =
| Thickness_mm = 1.45
| Thickness_inch = 0.057
| Thickness_special =
| Edge = Reeded
| Composition = Stainless steel
| Years of Minting = {{Start date|1950}}–present
| Mintage =
| Mint marks = ♦ = Mumbai
B = Mumbai Proof issue
* = Hyderabad
° = Noida
No mint-mark = Kolkata
| Circulation =
| Catalog Number =
| Obverse =File:One Rupee.jpg
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The One rupee coin is an Indian coin worth one Indian rupee and is made up of a hundred paisas. Currently, one rupee coin is the smallest Indian coin in circulation. Since 1992, one Indian rupee coins are minted from stainless steel. Round in shape, the one rupee coins weighs {{convert|3.76|g|gr|abbr=off}}, has a diameter of {{convert|21.93|mm|in|adj=on}} and thickness of {{convert|1.45|mm|in|adj=on}}. In independent India, one rupee coins was first minted in 1950 and is currently in circulation.

History

Sur Empire

Sher Shah Suri, the founder of the Sur Empire ruled North India from 1540 to 1545 AD. [1] During his reign, Suri issued pure silver coins in 1542 and named it Rupiya (meaning "beautiful form"). The denomination remained in usage through the Mughal, Maratha, East India company and British rules.[2][3] The rupiya was retained by the East India company till 1835 and formed the basis of the British Raj currency till 1947.[4] Each rupiya coin weighed {{convert|178|gr|g|abbr=off}}. The sub-unit of rupyia were copper pieces and 40 copper pieces constituted as one rupiya. Sher Shah Suri named the copper pieces as Paisa.[2][4][5]{{Coin image box 1 double
| header = 1 Rupiya coin (Sher Shah Suri)
| image = File:Sher shah's rupee.jpg
| caption_left = Obverse: Trace of Kalima, name of four Khalifas, Sher Shah Suri's name and pious wish "Khald Allah mulk".
| caption_right = Reverse: Name of mint (some coins bore word "Jahapanah" instead of mint name) and date.
| width = 250
| footer = Coins were minted in different mints like Ujjain, Agra, Punduah, Chunar, Satgaon etc.
| position = center
| margin = 0
}}

Madras Presidency

The Madras Presidency issued one rupee coins until 1815 AD. One rupee was equal to twelve fanams.[5]

{{Coin image box 1 double
| header = 1 Rupee coin (Madras Presidency)
| image = File:Silver Rupee Madras Presidency.JPG
| caption_left = Obverse:
| caption_right = Reverse:
| width = 250
| footer =
| position = center
| margin = 0
}}

East India company

In the 17th century AD, the East India Company wanted to introduce the Pound sterling in India. Due to the popularity of the Rupiya, the Pound sterling could not be introduced in India. It was only in 1717 AD that the English obtained permission from the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar to coin Mughal money. In 1835 AD, the Coinage Act of 1835 for uniform coinage came into force.[2][6] Composed of 0.917 silver, the new one rupee coins weighed {{convert|11.66|g|gr|abbr=off}} and had a diameter of {{convert|30.55|mm|in|adj=off}}. The reverse of all one rupee coins minted after 1835 and before 1862 AD bore "East India Company" instead of the country's name.[7] The one rupee coins had bust of King William IIII (IV minted as IIII) and were first minted in 1835 AD.[8] Rupee coins issued after 1840 bore the busts of Queen Victoria (1840 to 1901 AD), Edward VII (1903 to 1910 AD), George V (1911 to 1936 AD) and George VI (1938 to 1947 AD).[2][9]

British Raj

The British Raj started in India in 1858 AD after a century of control by the East India Company. The British Raj lasted until Indian independence in 1947.[10] From 1835 to 1858, uniform rupee coins were being issued in accordance to the Coinage Act of 1835.[2][6] In 1862, new one rupee coins were issued, were known as the Regal issue, bore the bust of Queen Victoria on the obverse and the country name "India" minted on the reverse side. One rupee coins issued after 1835 but before 1862 AD had "East India Company" on reverse instead of country name.[7] From 1862 to 1939 AD, one rupee coins were minted from 0.917 silver, weighed {{convert|11.66|g|gr|abbr=off}}, had a diameter of {{convert|30.78|mm|in|adj=off}} and thickness of {{convert|1.9|mm|in|adj=off}}. The obverse side of the coins featured the busts of Queen Victoria (1862 to 1901 AD), Edward VII (1903 to 1910 AD), George V (1911 to 1936 AD) and George VI (1938 to 1947 AD). Edward VIII was never featured on any one rupee coin since his reign (Jan-Dec 1936 AD) was short.[2][9]

Due to World War I and II, there was a shortage of silver. As a result of the shortage, 0.917 silver one rupee coins were replaced by Quaternary silver alloy (0.500) in 1940. In 1947, the silver one rupee coin was replaced by nickel coins.[2]

One rupee coinage from 1835 to 1947

One Rupee coins (1835 to 1947): East India Company and British Raj
ImageTechnical parametersDescriptionYear of mintingKnown
mintage		 Comments
Obverse Reverse Weight Diameter Thickness Metal Edge Obverse Reverse First Last
11.66 g 30.5 mm 1.9 mm Silver
(0.917)		Reeded Bust of King William IIII
with his name. 		Face value, country and
date surrounded by wreath. 		1835 1840 69,472,000
[11]
11.66 g 30.78 mm 1.9 mm Bust of Queen Victoria
surrounded by her name. 		Face value, country and
date surrounded by wreath. 		1840 1901 2,454,825,107
[7]
11.66 g 30.6 mm 1.9 mm Bust of Edward VII
surrounded by his name. 		Face value, country and
date surrounded by wreath. 		1903 1910 849,622,000
[12]
11.66 g 30.5 mm 1.9 mm Bust of George V
surrounded by his name. 		Face value, country and
date surrounded by wreath. 		1911 1936 1,807,479,000
[13] 		Coins minted in 1911 had
nick name "pig rupee".[2]
11.66 g 30.5 mm 1.9 mm Bust of George VI
surrounded by his name.		Face value, country and
date surrounded by wreath.		 1938 1939 772,980,000
[14]
11.66 g 30.5 mm 1.9 mm Silver
(0.500) 		Security 1939 1945
11.8 g 28 mm 2.48 mm Nickel 1947 1947 160,039,000
[15] 		Only minted in 1947.

Independent India

On 15 August 1947, India obtained independence and the monetary system and coinage of the British Raj were retained. It was not until 15 August 1950 that India introduced new coins. Introduction of new coins (including one rupee coin) was done in following chronology and reasons;[10][16]

  • Motifs and symbol of sovereignty were adapted to represent Indian independence.
  • Introduction of metric system and related impact on Indian coinage.
  • Changes due to metallic value of coins.
  • "Coinisation" of currency notes for cost-benefit.

Subunits

From 1947 to 1957, the Indian rupee was not decimalised and was divided into 16 annas. Each anna was further divided to four Indian pices (from 1835 to 1947, each pice was divided into three Indian pies; till the pie was demonetized in 1947). Table below shows sub-units of one rupee (1835-present).[3]

Denomination Sub-unit Sub-unit Sub-unit From To Comments
RupeeAnna
(1 Rupee=16 Anna)		Pice
(1 Anna = 4 Pice)		 Pie
(1 Pice = 3 Pie) 		1835 1947 Pie demonetized in 1947.
- 1947 1950 The Frozen Series
1950 1957 The Anna Series
Paisa
(1 Rupee = 100 Paisa)		-- 1957 1964 Naya Paisa Series. Anna & Pice demonetized in 1957.
1964 Present Except 50 paisa, all lower coins demonetized.
(1835-1947): 1 Indian rupee = 16 anna = 64 pice = 192 pie.
(1947-1957): 1 Indian rupee = 16 anna = 64 pice.
(1957-1964): 1 Indian rupee = 100 naye paise.
(1964-present): 1 Indian rupee = 100 paise.[16]

Independent India coinage

Frozen series (1947-1950)

Anna series (1950-1957)

Decimal series(1957-present)

Naya paisa series(1957-1964)

Aluminium series (1964-2011)

Contemporary coins (present)

Mintage

As of 2019, one rupee coins are minted by the India Government Mints in Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and in Noida. All coins are circulated only through the Reserve Bank of India.[17]

Mint marks

The following mint marks have been used on one rupee coins since 1947.[18][19][20]

Mint Mark Description Comments
{{Center|Coins minted in Indian mints}}
Hyderabad ☆ Five-pointed star
Kolkata No mint-mark Since this was the first Indian mint, coins minted in Kolkata don't carry a mark.[18]
Mumbai ♦ Diamond
• Small dot (solid)
B Letter B below year
M Letter M below year On coins minted after 1996.
Noida ° Small dot (hollow)
{{Center|Coins minted in foreign mints}}
Birmingham H Letter H below year One rupee coins (KM# 79.1) in 1985 were also minted in Birmingham mint, United Kingdom.[19]
Kremnica mk Letters "mk" in circle One rupee coins (KM# 92.2) from 1998 to 2001 were also minted in the Kremnica mint, Slovakia.[20]
Mexico Mo °M, letter "M" beneath circle One rupee coins (KM# 92.2) in 1997 were also minted in the Mexican Mint.[20]
Pretoria M Letter "M" in oval One rupee coins (KM# 92.2) from 1998 to 2000 were also minted in the Pretoria mint, South Africa.[20]
Royal Mint • Small dot One rupee coins (KM# 79.1) in 1985 were also minted in Royal Mint in Llantrisant, United Kingdom.[19]

See also

  • Indian 2-rupee note
  • Indian 1-rupee note
{{Portal|India|Money|Numismatics}}

References

1. ^Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.83
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite news|title=Facts about Indian coinage|publisher=mymoneysage.in|accessdate=29 August 2017|url=https://www.mymoneysage.in/blog/interesting-facts-about-coinage-and-currency-notes-in-india/}}
3. ^1 {{cite news|title=History of Indian coins|publisher=indianumismatics.wordpress.com|accessdate=29 August 2017|url=https://indianumismatics.wordpress.com/category/history-of-indian-coins/}}
4. ^1 {{cite news|title=History of Pashtuns|publisher=barmazid.com|accessdate=29 August 2017|url=http://www.barmazid.com/2014/11/currency-reforms-of-sher-shah.html}}
5. ^1 {{cite news|title=Interesting Facts about Rupee and Coins|publisher=mapsofindia.com|accessdate=29 August 2017|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/interesting-facts-about-rupee-and-coins}}
6. ^1 {{cite news|title=British India Coinage|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Currency/Scripts/BritishIndia.aspx}}
7. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Queen Victoria coin variants|publisher=Numista|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/index.php?mode=avance&p=1&r=&e=inde_britannique&d=&ca=3&no=&i=&v=1&m=&a=1840-1901&t=&dg=&w=&u=&f=&g=&tb=y&cat=y}}
8. ^{{cite news|title=1835 one rupee|publisher=Numista|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces15709.html}}
9. ^1 {{cite news|title=British India 1 rupee coins|publisher=Numista|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/index.php?mode=avance&p=1&r=&e=inde_britannique&d=&ca=3&no=&i=&v=1+rupee&m=&a=&t=&dg=&w=&u=&f=&g=&tb=y&cat=y}}
10. ^1 {{cite news|title=British Raj|publisher=BBC|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml}}
11. ^{{cite news|title=William IIII coin variants|publisher=colnect.com|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/list/variant/76944}}
12. ^{{cite news|title=Edward VII coin variants|publisher=Numista|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces3722.html}}
13. ^{{cite news|title=George V coin variants|publisher=colnect.com|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/list/variant/2083}}
14. ^{{cite news|title=George VI coin variants|publisher=colnect.com|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/list/variant/2085}}
15. ^{{cite news|title=George VI Nickel coin|publisher=Numista|accessdate=30 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces12426.html}}
16. ^1 {{cite news|title=Republic India Coinage|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=28 August 2017|url=https://rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/mc_republic.aspx}}
17. ^{{cite news|title=Indian coins|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=28 August 2017|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/ic_coins.aspx}}
18. ^1 {{cite news|title=Mint marks|publisher=indian-coins.com|accessdate=28 August 2017|url=http://www.indian-coins.com/commemorativecoins/mint-marks}}
19. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Mint marks (abroad 1)|publisher=Numista|accessdate=28 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1628.html}}
20. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|title=Mint marks (abroad 2)|publisher=Numista|accessdate=28 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1609.html}}
{{Indian currency}}

2 : Coins by denomination|Coins of India
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