| 词条 | Operation Appearance |
| 释义 |
Operation Appearance was a British landing in British Somaliland on 16 March 1941 against troops of the Italian Army. In August 1940, seven months previous, the British had withdrawn from British Somaliland, after it had been invaded by the Italian army. The British and Empire forces from the United Kingdom, British India, Australia and South Africa conducting Appearance made the first successful Allied beach landing of the war and retook the colony. BackgroundAfrica Orientale ItalianaOn 9 May 1936 Africa Orientale Italiana (AOI) was formed from Ethiopia, Italian Eritrea and Italian Somaliland.{{sfn|Playfair|1954|p=2}} On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on Britain and France, with Italian forces in the AOI threatening the British and French colonies in East Africa. Italian forces endangered British supply lines along the coast of East Africa, the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. Egypt, the Suez Canal, French Somaliland and British Somaliland were vulnerable to attack. Invasion of British Somaliland{{Main article|Italian conquest of British Somaliland}}On 3 August 1940, the Italians invaded with two colonial brigades, four cavalry squadrons, armoured, artillery and air support.{{sfn|Mackenzie|1951|p=23}}{{sfn|Playfair|1954|p=170}} Kassala was bombed by aircraft and then attacked; the British garrison was outnumbered.{{sfn|Playfair|1954|p=170}} The Somaliland Camel Corps skirmished with the advancing Italians as the main British force slowly retired. On 5 August British Somaliland was cut off from French Somaliland. Close to being cut off, Major-General Alfred Reade Godwin-Austen was instructed by the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Henry Maitland Wilson to withdraw from the colony. The 2nd battalion Black Watch, supported by two companies of the 2nd King's African Rifles and parties of the 1st/2nd Punjab Regiment, covered the retreat to Berbera. By {{nowrap|2:00 p.m.}} 18 August most of the contingent had been evacuated to Aden with the HQ sailing with {{HMAS|Hobart|D63|6}} on the morning of 19 August. Italian forces entered Berbera that evening.{{sfn|Playfair|1954|pp=172–177}} British casualties were {{nowrap|38 killed}} and {{nowrap|222 wounded;}} the Italians had {{nowrap|2,052 casualties.}}{{sfn|Raugh|1993|p=82}} Landing at BerberaThe operation to recapture British Somaliland began on 16 March 1941 from Aden, in the first successful Allied landing on an occupied beach of the war.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|1992|p=54}} The 1/2nd Punjab Regiment and 3/15th Punjab Regiment (Indian Army) which had been evacuated from the port in August 1940 and a Somali commando detachment, landed at Berbera from Force D, the cruisers {{HMS|Glasgow|C21|6}} and {{HMS|Caledon|D53|2}}, the destroyers {{HMS|Kandahar|F28|6}} and {{HMS|Kipling|F91|2}}, the auxiliary cruisers Chakdina and Chantala, Indian trawlers Netavati and Parvati, two transports and {{nowrap|ML 109.}}{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|1992|p=54}} When the Sikhs landed, the 70th Colonial Brigade "melted away".{{sfn|Playfair|1954|p=417}} Repairs began on the port and supplies for the 11th African Division began to pass through within a week, shortening the road distance by {{convert|500|mi|km|abbr=on}} On 20 March, Hargeisa was captured and the British moved on to re-capture the colony. On 8 April, Brigadier Arthur Reginald Chater was appointed Military Governor.{{sfn|Playfair|1954|p=418}} British forces were able to advance into eastern Ethiopia, supplied through Berbera.{{sfn|Playfair|1954|pp=418–420}} The Somaliland Camel Corps was reformed by mid-April and supported British forces over the next few months mopping up during the Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia. FootnotesReferences{{refbegin}}
|first=Compton|last=Mackenzie|authorlink=Compton Mackenzie|title=Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943 Defence|volume=I|publisher=Chatto & Windus|location=London|year=1951|oclc=59637091}}
|first1=Major-General I. S. O.|last1=Playfair|author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair|first2=Commander G. M. S.|last2=with Stitt RN |first3=Brigadier C. J. C.|last3=Molony |first4=Air Vice-Marshal S. E.|last4=Toomer|editor-last=Butler|editor-first=J. R. M.|editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler|series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series|title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |volume=I|publisher=HMSO |year=1954|oclc=494123451 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Med-I/index.html|accessdate=3 September 2015|display-authors=1}}
|last=Raugh |first=H. E. |title=Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship |authorlink=|year=1993 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |edition=|isbn=0-08-040983-0}}
|first1= Jürgen|last1=Rohwer|first2=Gerhard|last2=Hümmelchen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two|language=German|publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1992 |origyear=1968|location=Annapolis, MD|edition=2nd|others=rev.|isbn=1-55750-105-X}} Further reading
|last=Shores |first=C. |title=Dust Clouds in the Middle East: The Air War for East Africa, Iran, Syria, Iran and Madagascar, 1940–42 |year=1996 |publisher=Grub Street |location=London |isbn=1-898697-37-X}}{{refend}}{{World War II}}{{Coord|10|N|49|E|display=title}} 5 : East African Campaign (World War II)|1941 in British Somaliland|Conflicts in 1941|Military history of British Somaliland during World War II|Battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。