| 词条 | Operation Gvardijan |
| 释义 |
Operation Gvardijan was covert action of UDBA from 1947 and 1948, that prevented attempt by the Ustasha emigrants to carry out terrorist and diversionary actions in Yugoslavia and unite anti-communist formations (called križari (crusaders) in the country in an uprising against the new authorities. Infiltration of the Ustashas (called Operation April 10[1]) was initiated with the consent of Ante Pavelić, although after its failure, he distanced from it. The action was led by Božidar Kavran. The first group was arrested on Mount Papuk. UDBA then launched Operation Gvardijan to lure escaped Ustashas through sending false messages, during which a total of 19 Ustasha groups were arrested. The operation was operation ended with the arrest of Božidar Kavran himself. The arrested Ustashas were tried in August 1948 and most of them were sentenced to death, while others were sent to prison for a longer period. Total 96 Ustashas were arrested or killed, including Ante Vrban and Ljubo Miloš. BackgroundWith the defeat of the Independent State of Croatia and the withdrawal of its army in Austria in May 1945, there were scattered groups of soldiers in Yugoslavia who escaped capture. They called themselves crusaders. By 1946, the anti-Communist-minded Croats, mostly former Ustashas or high-ranking members of Croatian Home Guard, managed to connect enough to consider raising the uprising in Croatia now controlled by the new communist authorities. They knew for existence of the crusaders, but there was no direct link between them and the emigrants. The emigrants sent their men to Yugoslavia inform them about the situation in the country. Ustasha Major Ante Vrban returned from the exile already in summer of 1945 and arrived near Zagreb. Ante Pavelić and colonel Jakov Džal asked Vrban to return in Yugoslavia, which he did in April 1946, returning to Yugoslavia for six months, visiting crusaders in northern Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croatian emigrants abroad spread exaggerated news about the number of crusaders and their struggle against Yugoslav security forces. Hopes of the Ustasha leadership on the return to the country were bolstered by deteriorating relations between Yugoslavia and Western Allies, and also between Soviet Union and Western Allies and it seemed to them that the new world war was inevitable. In 1946, Lovro Sučić and Božidar Kavran initiated an initiative to establish a Croatian State Committee in Austria, whose task would be to raise uprising in the former Independent State of Croatia.{{sfn|Adriano|Cingolani|2018|p=342}} The committee had to prepare groups of officers who would infiltrate in Yugoslavia in order to organize armed groups. Emigrants contacted some foreign intelligence services. They got promise from Anglo-American intelligence services that they would supply them with the necessary material, and in return, they were supposed to send reports on the situation in Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Adriano|Cingolani|2018|p=343}} Ustasha emigres in Italy also received news of the alleged wide-scale resistance to the new Yugoslavia, so they began to make their own plans to raise the uprising. This plan was called "Operation April 10". They contacted the emigrants in Austria and offered them to participate in the operation. Kavran accepted their participation with disbelief, since the Ustashas in Italy were under the strong influence of Ante Moškov, who was in conflict with Pavelić. When a compromise solution was reached between these two plans, Kavran went to Italy with the pseudonym "Gvardijan" and selected men for this plan within refugee camps. The plan was to come in contact with the crusaders of Rafael Boban, who were supposed to act somewhere in Bilogora. In the meantime, Yugoslav security forces (OZNA/UDBA, KNOJ and Yugoslav Army) destroyed many crusader groups, so by 1947 there wasn't any serious resistance. OperationPrior to the start of the emigrant's operation, UDBA bureau for Croatia in Zagreb in May received a depot from Vienna from his main agent among the Ustasha emigrants, that soon the first group will come to Papuk. UDBA immediately prepared an action under the secret name of Gvardijan,[2] Kavran's nom de guerre, and set traps. Kavran, with the support of other emigrant leadership, decided to send the first group to Yugoslavia. He chose former Ustasha mayor Ljubo Miloš (former commander of the Jasenovac concentration camp), mayor Ante Vrban and Luka Grgić. Kavran assured them that they would be able to cooperate with the supporters of the Croatian Peasant Party in the country. Their task was to organize and connect these groups. On June 7, the group crossed the Yugoslav-Hungarian border.{{sfn|Adriano|Cingolani|2018|p=348}} Miloš sent a message to Kavran that there was no crusader group in the Koprivnica area and that they would go further. After a few days of wandering through Papuk, Dilje, Psunj and Babja Gora, they were convinced that there were no crusader groups and they headed back to Austria. Upon their return on July 19, they met a UDBA agent who connected with the group, and reported to them about his station. He presented himself as a member of a crusader group of mayor Mikulčić whom they personally knew, so they arranged a meeting with him in two days. Miloš and Vrban started with UDBA members in an improvised camp. While they were resting, after the leading UDB officer pronounced a signal that read "Jozo, give me water", members of Udba threw themselves at Miloš and Vrban.{{sfn|Krizman|1986|pp=179}} Grgić was liquidated later. Vrban and Miloš were transferred to the prison on Savska cesta in Zagreb. In the investigation, both of them explained in detail the plans of their colleagues in the emigration, so Croatian section of UDBA, under the direction of Ivan Krajačić, went further into action. She channeled Kavran with a false message, informing him that the first group on Papuk had been linked to the crusaders, and stressed that there were no officers on the ground.{{sfn|Krizman|1986|pp=182}} The goal was to capture senior officers and prominent politicians. Kavran also sent another group from Austria that crossed Yugoslav-Hungarian border on July 20. Upon their arrival, UDBA learned from the peasants from the vicinity of Koprivnica and Đurđevac that they met five suspected mountaineers. The group was arrested in Suhopolje on July 29. In the meantime, Miloš broke under pressure and confessed that as commander of Jasenovac concentration camp he was responsible for war crimes, so he agreed to collaborate with UDBA. He gave the code and radio signals and signed written messages. In the following months, group after group fell into trap. In the last group on July 3 came Kavran himself, and he was immediately arrested.{{sfn|Adriano|Cingolani|2018|p=348}} Kavran's arrest ended Operation Gvardijan. On July 9 or 10, Udba sent a dispatch to Ustasha center in Villach: "We've fucked you. Full stop. All of your men are in our prisons." {{Sfn|Krizman|1986|pp=192–194}}{{sfn|Adriano|Cingolani|2018|p=348}} List of captured in Operation Gvardijan
EpilogueAll 96 infiltrating men were arrested or killed. In 1948, the courts of the People's Republic of Croatia sentenced 20 of them (including Miloš, Vrban and Kavran) to death by hanging and permanent loss of all rights and 57 to death by shooting, while others were sentenced to life imprisonment or imprisonment ranging from 15 to 20 years. Together with this group was a group composed of former Colonel of Maček's Croatian Peasant Defense and two former chetniks. Those three men were gathered in Trieste by former chetnik Lieutenant Colonel Siniša Ocokoljić. They infiltrated Yugoslavia via the Adriatic sea, but were quickly arrested.{{Sfn|Vojinović|1988}} Notes1. ^April 10 was anniversary of proclamation of Independent State of Croatia 2. ^{{lang-hr|Gvardijan}} - A superior of Franciscan monastery References{{reflist|30em}}Sources
See also
3 : 1947|1948|History of Yugoslavia |
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