| 词条 | Ahmet Rıza | |||||
| 释义 |
| honorific-prefix = | name = Ahmet Rıza | honorific-suffix = Bey | image = Ahmed Riza Bey.jpg | imagesize = 200px | caption = Ahmet Rıza in 1909 as an early opposition leader. | office1 = | monarch1 = | blank1 = | data1 = | term_start1 = | term_end1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = | monarch2 = | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | office3 = | monarch3 = | term_start3 = | term_end3 = | predecessor3 = | successor3 = | office4 = | monarch4 = | term_start4 = | term_end4 = | predecessor4 = | successor4 = | birth_date = 1858 | birth_place = Constantinople, Ottoman Empire | death_date = 26 February 1930 | death_place = Istanbul, Turkey | nationality = | blank2 = | data2 = | party = | spouse = | relations = | children = | residence = | alma_mater = | allegiance = | branch = | serviceyears = | rank = | battles = | occupation = Politician, scientist, educator. | profession = | religion = | signature = | footnotes = }} Ahmet Rıza Bey (1858 – 26 February 1930) was an Ottoman-born Turkish political activist, scientist, statesman, educational reformer and a prominent member of the Young Turks, during the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. In 1908 he became the first President of the revived Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Ottoman Parliament, and in 1912, he was appointed as the President of the Senate (the upper house) as well.[1] He also served as Minister of Education from the Liberal Union party, the main opposition party to the ruling Committee of Union and Progress. In 1908, his name was among the candidates' list for the next Grand Vizier. He was the leading negotiator during the failed agreement of coalition between the Ottoman Empire, France, and Britain for World War I. Ahmet Rıza has been described as a polymath by some authors.[2] BiographyAhmet Rıza was born in Constantinople in 1858, the son of Ali Rıza Bey. His father was nicknamed İngiliz ("Englishman") because of his command of the English language and admiration of the British Empire. His mother, Fraulein Turban, was born in Munich but was of Hungarian origin. She moved to Vienna, where she met İngiliz, and converted to Islam to marry him, taking the name Naile Sabıka Hanım.[3] He graduated from Galatasaray High School in Constantinople and subsequently studied agriculture in France. As a young man, he sought to improve the condition of the peasantry in the Empire. He was concerned with the conditions of the farmers and wanted to implement agricultural methods, supporting the ideas of the French sociologist, Auguste Comte. In 1894, he published a series of publications on unification of Islamic and Ottoman traditions of consultation. In 1895, Meşveret, the journal that he published, became a locus of the exiled Young Turks movement. Ahmet Rıza opposed the maverick Prince Sabahaddin's calls for revolution and European intervention in the empire at the 1902 Congress of Ottoman Opposition in Paris. At the Second Congress of Ottoman Opposition in 1907, Ahmet Rıza at first reluctantly endorsed the use of violence to depose the sultan, but later reversed his position.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}
Going to ParisAccording to a customized book in 1889, on the pretext of participating in the exhibition organized for the centenary of the French Revolution, there was a customized letter, which indicated he escaped to Paris and did not return. He became an interpreter as he learned French. At the University of Paris, he continued his lectures on positivism, taught by mathematician Pierre Laffitte, as he was influenced by Laffitte's thoughts about Islam and Eastern civilization in particular.[4] Laffitte believed that Islam was the most advanced religion, so it was easy for Muslims to pass through positivism. Ahmet Rıza became one of the most active members of the Société Positiviste (Positivist Society), and since 1905 he has appeared as a "representative of Muslim communities" in the Comité Positif Occidental, establishing the spread of positivist international platitudes. During his first years in Paris, he attempted to respond to various newspapers and magazines, which were writing unfavourably about the Ottoman Empire. In 1891, he wrote a letter to the postal and telegraph chronicle in Constantinople as he did not obey the instructions of the center of Paris to return to his country due to his use of the expression "liberty" in a lecture on Ottoman women and stated that he did not belong to any secret cemetery. Ahmet Rıza sent his thoughts to Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1893. He continued to send sheets upon the request of his encouraging response and continuation; he tried to convince him that the constitutional regime was not a bad thing. In the case of sending the sixth party, he began to write political writings in French, which was published by the former Syrian deputy Halil Ganem.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}} Later careerAs an educator, he enacted the inauguration of the second high school for girls in Turkey, the Kandilli High School for Girls in 1916 in Constantinople (it was intended to be the first, but the outbreak of World War I delayed the execution of the project).[5] After retiring from public life at the end of World War I, Ahmet Rıza wrote his memoirs. They were published more than 50 years after his death in 1988 under the title Meclis-i Mebusan ve Ayan Reisi Ahmet Rıza Bey’in Anıları ("The Memoirs of Ahmet Rıza, the President of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate"). He died on 26 February 1930 in Istanbul.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}} See also
References1. ^1908 Devrimi Aykut Kansu İletişim Yayınları, {{ISBN|9789754705096}}, 2009 2. ^{{cite book |title=Osman's dream: the story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923 |last=Finkel |first=Caroline |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2006 |publisher=Basic Books |location= |isbn=0-465-02396-7 |page=505 |pages= |url= http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/ISBNInquiry.asp?r=1&IF=N&EAN=9780465023967&cm_mmc=Google%20Book%20Search-_-k118169-_-j14953980-_-Googe%20Book%20Search%20(non-B%26N%20Imprint)|accessdate=2010-06-07 }} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Taglia|first1=Stefano|title=Intellectuals and Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Young Turks on the Challenges of Modernity|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317578635|page=52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12ShCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|accessdate=8 August 2017|language=en}} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.tn/books?id=5FMoWJFs73gC&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq=ahmed+riza+bey+wrote+a+memoir&source=bl&ots=pdm-BLAZzJ&sig=7bH0jb1oavHjkUmqQ77s5PTic38&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio4ZjFnZvXAhXCuRoKHcMiAvkQ6AEISzAE#v=onepage&q=ahmed%20riza%20bey%20wrote%20a%20memoir&f=false|title=Late Ottoman Society: The Intellectual Legacy|last=Özdalga|first=Elisabeth|date=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415341646|language=en}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kklyetisenler.org/tarihce.php |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-11-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128052557/http://www.kklyetisenler.org/tarihce.php |archivedate=2012-11-28 |df= }} Sources{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Riza, Ahmet}} 15 : 1858 births|1930 deaths|Turkish academics|Date of birth missing|Galatasaray High School alumni|Government ministers of the Ottoman Empire|Scientists of the Ottoman Empire|Journalists of the Ottoman Empire|Young Turks|Witnesses of the Armenian Genocide|People from Istanbul|Turkish people of Hungarian descent|19th-century writers of the Ottoman Empire|20th-century writers of the Ottoman Empire|Committee of Union and Progress politicians |
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