| 词条 | Ottoman ironclad Mahmudiye | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Mahmudiye, named for Sultan Mahmud II,[1] was the fourth of four {{sclass-|Osmaniye|ironclad|0}} ironclad warships built for the Ottoman Navy in the 1860s. She was the only member of her class built at the Thames Iron Works, with work lasting from her keel laying in 1863 and her launching in 1864. A broadside ironclad, Mahmudiye carried a battery of fourteen {{convert|203|mm|abbr=on}} RML Armstrong guns and ten 36-pounder Armstrongs in a traditional broadside arrangement, with a single {{convert|229|mm|abbr=on}} RML as a chase gun. Among the more powerful of Ottoman ironclads, the Navy decided to keep the ship safely in the Mediterranean Sea during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 to preserve the vessel. She spent the 1880s out of service, though she was heavily rebuilt in the early 1890s and converted into a more modern barbette ship. She was nevertheless in poor condition by the time of the Greco-Turkish War in 1897, as a result saw no action, and was disarmed after the war. She saw no further active service, being used briefly as a barracks ship from 1909 to 1913, when she was sold to ship breakers and dismantled. Design{{main|Osmaniye-class ironclad}}Mahmudiye was {{convert|91.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long overall, with a beam of {{convert|16.9|m|ftin|abbr=on}} and a draft of {{convert|7.9|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The hull was constructed with iron, incorporated a ram bow, and displaced {{convert|6400|MT|sp=us}} normally and {{convert|4211|MT|abbr=on}} BOM. She had a crew of 26 officers and 335 enlisted men as completed, but only 250 after 1894.[2][3]The ship was powered by a single horizontal compound engine which drove one screw propeller. Steam was provided by six coal-fired box boilers that were trunked into a single, retractable funnel amidships. The engine produced a top speed of {{convert|13.5|kn|lk=in}} on sea trials, though by 1891, decades of poor maintenance had reduced the ship's speed to {{convert|6|kn}}. Mahmudiye carried {{convert|750|MT|abbr=on}} of coal. A supplementary barque rig with three masts was also fitted.[2][3] The ship was armed with a battery of one {{convert|229|mm|abbr=on}} rifled muzzle-loading (RML) Armstrong gun and fourteen {{convert|203|mm|abbr=on}} RML Armstrongs. These were supplemented with ten 36-pounder guns, also manufactured by Armstrong. The 229 mm gun was placed on the upper deck, forward, and the rest of the guns were mounted on each broadside. The ship's wrought iron armored belt was {{convert|5.5|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip|0}} thick, and was capped with {{convert|3|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip|0}} thick transverse bulkhead at either end. Above the belt were strakes of armor {{convert|5|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip|0}} thick that protected the battery, transverse bulkheads {{convert|4.5|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip|0}} connected the battery armor.[2][3] Service historyMahmudiye was built by the Thames Iron Works shipyard in Blackwall, London; she was the only member of her class not built at Robert Napier and Sons. The ship's keel was laid down in 1863 and she was launched on 13 December 1864.[4] She was completed for sea trials in 1865 and commissioned into the Ottoman fleet the following year.[3]The Ottoman fleet began mobilizing in September 1876 to prepare for a conflict with Russia, as tensions with the country had been growing for several years, an insurrection had begun in Ottoman Bosnia in mid-1875, and Serbia had declared war on the Ottoman Empire in July 1876.[10] At the start of 1877, the ship was assigned to the 1st Division of the Mediterranean Fleet, based in Volo, along with the ironclad {{ship|Ottoman ironclad|Asar-i Şevket||2}}.[11] The Russo-Turkish War began on 24 April 1877 with a Russian declaration of war,[5] but unlike many of the other, smaller Ottoman ironclads, Mahmudiye and her sister ships remained in the Mediterranean Fleet.[6] The Navy feared losing the largest ships of its fleet, and so kept them primarily in port for the duration of the conflict.[7] The wooden warships of the Mediterranean Fleet sortied in April 1877 to patrol the coast of Albania, but Mahmudiye and the rest of the ironclads remained in Souda Bay.[8] After the conclusion of the war in 1878, Mahmudiye was laid up in Constantinople. In 1884, the 36-pounder gun were removed and a light battery of four {{convert|47|mm|abbr=on}} quick-firing (QF) Hotchkiss guns and two 4-barreled {{convert|25.4|mm|abbr=on}} Nordenfelt guns were added. She was refitted at the Imperial Arsenal, with work lasting from 1892 to 1894. During the refit, she received two vertical triple-expansion engines in place of her original machinery, and six coal-fired Scotch marine boilers replaced the box boilers; the new propulsion system allowed her to steam at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}. Her armament was radically revised; all of the old muzzle-loaders were removed and a battery of new Krupp breech-loading guns were installed. Two Krupp {{convert|240|mm|abbr=on}} K L/35 guns were added in individual barbettes, one forward and one aft. Eight {{convert|150|mm|abbr=on}} L/25 Krupp guns and six {{convert|105|mm|abbr=on}} L/25 Krupp guns were installed on the broadside. Two of the 47 mm guns were removed and three more Nordenfelt guns were added.[3] With the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War in February 1897, Mahmudiye was mobilized into the 1st Squadron. The Ottomans inspected the fleet and found that almost all of the vessels, including Mahmudiye, to be completely unfit for combat against the Greek Navy, which possessed the three modern {{sclass-|Hydra|ironclad|1}}s.[9][10] Despite the fact that Mahmudiye and her sisters had been refit just three years previously, the inspectors discovered that many of the pistons on their Krupp guns were bent, rendering the guns useless. Through April and May, the Ottoman fleet made several sorties into the Aegean Sea in an attempt to raise morale among the ships' crews, though the Ottomans had no intention of attacking Greek forces. With no possibility left to use the fleet in an active way, the Navy withdrew Mahmudiye from service and removed her guns at Çanakkale.[11] The condition of the Ottoman fleet could not be concealed from foreign observers, particularly the British Admiral Henry Wood and the German Admiral Eugen Kalau vom Hofe, who led the inspection. The fleet proved to be an embarrassment for the government and finally forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to authorize a modernization program, which recommended that the ironclads be modernized in foreign shipyards. German firms, including Krupp, Schichau-Werke, and AG Vulcan, were to rebuild the ships, but after having surveyed the ships, withdrew from the project in December 1897 owing to the impracticality of modernizing the ships and the inability of the Ottoman government to pay for the work due to its weak finances. Following a lengthy process of negotiations, Krupp received the contract to rebuild Mahmudiye on 11 August 1900, along with several other warships. By December 1902, however, Krupp withdrew from the deal, and Mahmudiye was ultimately not reconstructed. In 1904, the ship was towed to Constantinople, and she was decommissioned there on 31 July 1909. She was thereafter used as a barracks ship in Kasımpaşa until 1913, when she was broken up.[12] Notes1. ^Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 198 2. ^1 2 Gardiner, p. 389 3. ^1 2 3 4 Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 133 4. ^Gardiner, p. 389 5. ^1 Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 5 6. ^1 Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 194 7. ^Sondhaus, p. 90 8. ^Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 6 9. ^Langensiepen & Güleryüz, p. 8 10. ^Gardiner, p. 387 11. ^Langensiepen & Güleryüz, pp. 8–9, 133 12. ^Langensiepen & Güleryüz, pp. 9–10, 133 References
2 : Osmaniye-class ironclads|1864 ships |
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