1. The Pacific until 1941

2. Attitude of the visiting armies

3. Changes to culture

4. Employment

5. Environmental impact

6. Aftermath

7. See also

8. References

9. Sources

10. External links

The civilian population, culture and infrastructure of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia (Pacific Islands) were completely changed between 1941 and 1945, due to the logistical requirements of the Allies in their war against Japan (taemfaet and daidowa in Micronesian or sahaya kana tuta in Melanesian).^[1]{{sfn|White et al|1989|p=3}} At the start of the war the islands had experienced 200 years of colonialism from Europe and its colonies, some on the verge of being fully annexed others close to independence. The early Japanese expansion through the western Pacific then introduced a new colonial system to many islands. The Japanese occupation subjected the indigenous people of Guam and other Pacific Islands to forced labor, family separation, incarceration, execution, concentration camps, and forced prostitution, but also created opportunities for advanced education.^[2]{{sfn|Lindstrom et al|1990|p=33}}

The Pacific Islands then experienced military action, massive troop movements, and limited resource extraction and building projects as the Allies pushed the Japanese back to their home islands.{{sfn|Bennett|2009|p=179}} The juxtaposition of all these cultures led to a new understanding among the indigenous Pacific Islanders of their relationship with the colonial powers.

The Pacific until 1941

By 1941 the Pacific Islands had been on the periphery of many wars between the great powers of Europe and America. Japan too had been slowly extending its influence along the edge of the western Pacific for much of the 20th century leading up to World War II. After the initial scramble for positions by the Spanish, Dutch, English and French, Guam had been ceded to America and German-Samoa had changed hands in the First World War.^[3]

Christianity had been spread to every inhabited island and been adopted to varying extents. The interior of New Guinea was largely unexplored by Europeans. However, the rest of the Pacific was fully in the control of colonial powers, as the Pacific Islands were comparatively slow in the creation of Independence movements.^[4]

Attitude of the visiting armies

Due to the vast amount of information recorded by the Allied armies in comparison with the local populations of the Pacific many of the events of the time are seen from their perspective.{{sfn|Lindstrom et al|1990|p=7}} It had been decided that Britain and its colonies would have a secondary role in the Pacific, so it was mostly Americans that passed through the Islands on their way to war.{{sfn|Ahrens|2006|p=12}} They appeared in the Pacific largely unannounced due to security concerns. In the view of one French colonist "if martians had landed among us we would not have been more surprised".{{sfn|Ahrens|2006|p=11}}

Most of the military personnel from America had never before left their homeland or experienced any culture other than their own. Americans experienced the Pacific Islands including Hawaii (not a state till 1959) through cinema and books which divided the inhabitants into submissive hula dancers or cannibals.{{sfn|Ahrens|2006|p=|pp=21, 28}} Also the American military was segregated at this time further leading to the culture shock that awaited many in the Pacific Islands. American views on race also led to disagreements among the Allies, as New Zealand officers would have dinner with their Fijian counterparts, while Americans would not.{{sfn|Ahrens|2006|p=|pp=23–24}} Similar racial tension was to lead to a riot in Wellington, New Zealand when American soldiers would not allow Māori into the Allied Services Club.^[5]

Once the servicemen arrived they quibbled about their disillusionment with local women and never fully changed their preconceptions of local men.{{sfn|Ahrens|2006|p=21}}{{sfn|Bennett|2009|p=37}} As John F Kennedy reported from the Solomon Islands "Have a lot of natives around and am getting hold of grass skirts, war clubs, etc. We had one in today who told us about the last man he ate".{{sfn|Ahrens|2006|p=23}} In the Solomon Islands by this stage of the war the missionaries had been evacuated, which would have only increased misunderstandings between the Methodist locals and the new arrivals. While some foreign servicemen respected the locals for their fitness, friendliness and work ethic, most viewed the indigenous people as culturally and biologically inferior. However, as the American men were ordered to treat the locals fairly and the visitors provided many economic opportunities relations were almost always peaceful.{{sfn|Ahrens|2006|p=|pp=23–24}}

In order to prevent the spread of diseases such as malaria to the American troops in Melanesia efforts were made to separate the two groups. Treatment was also given to locals for a variety of aliments in order to protect the servicemen. This along with the perceived positive treatment of African Americans led to a generally positive view of Americans among the populace of the Solomon Islands. This good opinion was only marred by infrequent theft of local goods, unwanted advances towards women and at least one instance of bestiality by American servicemen.{{sfn|Ahrens|2006|p=|pp=24–25}}

Changes to culture

Generally the effect of informal interactions between the visiting armies and the local inhabitants had a far more lasting effect than the formal military activities. The sharp distinction between colonizer and colonized once broken, particularly by shared military service were hard to restore.{{sfn|Lindstrom et al|1990|p=13}}

The home comforts the American military brought to the Pacific changed the aspirations of many local peoples. This included the eating habits of those in the Solomon Islands through to the fashion choices of women in New Zealand.{{sfn|Ahrens|2006|p=15}}^[6]

In those societies, like New Zealand, where a portion of the young men enlisted, as well as working in the fields and factories, women volunteered for Red Cross work and took up the professional positions left vacant by the men.^[7]

In communities that had very little contact with Europeans before the war, the sudden arrival—and rapid departure—of such an unfathomable mass of men and machines had lasting religious effects, such as the so-called "cargo cults".^[8][9]

Employment

In New Caledonia employment by the military represented the first introduction to currency (46 cents a day) for many. This was accompanied with health care and training in many tasks including driving. This was seen as inappropriate and leading to arrogant behavior by some French colonists. Uniforms were also given to local workers as a way of creating discipline and a hierarchy.{{sfn|Ahrens|2006|p=16}}

The indigenous New Caledonians (Kanak) noted with interest that the African American soldiers, while segregated, could outrank white Americans. They judged that this system was superior to the one they lived in under French rule.{{sfn|Ahrens|2006|p=16}} Asian indentured servants in New Caledonia could not officially be employed by the Americans, however, they were heavy involved in the black market supply of goods and labor that developed. Their absence put pressure on the efficiency of the local nickel mines.{{sfn|Ahrens|2006|p=17}}

Environmental impact

The deforestation, dumping of ordnance and spread of invasive species throughout the Pacific all affected the environment.{{sfn|Bennett|2009|pp=97–114}}{{sfn|Bennett|2009|pp=182–183}} On some small atolls runways were built covering most of the available land. This, along with the introduction of rats destroyed the breeding location for many sea birds.{{sfn|Bennett|2009|p=199}} The war in the Pacific was partly one for resources, the nickel in New Caledonia made the island a target attracting a US occupation force.{{sfn|Ahrens|2006|p=12}}

Aftermath

During the war resources that could be reused in America were often sent back for recycling. However, at the end of the war an estimated nine million metric tonnes of American equipment still needed to be returned from the Pacific. Most of it was sold to the colonial governments or abandoned. In New Guinea reselling this scrap would be the only profitable business until the 1950s.{{sfn|Bennett|2009|pp=179–181}} {{Expand list|date=January 2019}}

See also

• Home front during World War II
• Japanese occupation of Guam
• Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
• United States home front during World War II

References

Sources

• {{Cite book|last=Ahrens|first=Prue|title=Tour of Paradise: An American Soldier in the South Pacific|date=2006|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CUL0AQAACAAJ&dq=tour+of+paradise|publisher=Vulgar Press|language=en|isbn=9780958079587 |ref=harv}}
• {{Cite book|last=Bennett|first=Judith A.|title=Natives and Exotics: World War II and Environment in the Southern Pacific|date=2009|url=https://books.google.com/?id=4U71TFEaahcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=natives+and+exotics#v=onepage&q=natives%20and%20exotics&f=false|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|language=en|isbn=9780824832650 |ref=harv}}
• {{Cite book |last=Lindstrom|first=Lamont|title=Island Encounters: Black and White Memories of the Pacific War|date=September 17, 1990|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lKIWAAAAYAAJ&q=island+encounters&dq=island+encounters|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|language=en|isbn=9780874744576|last2=White|first2=Geoffrey Miles|last3=Center|first3=East-West |ref=CITEREFLindstrom_et_al1990}}
• {{Cite book|last=White|first=Geoffrey Miles|title=The Pacific Theater: Island Representations of World War II|date=1989|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UZUEAQAAIAAJ&q=the+pacific+theater+white&dq=the+pacific+theater+white|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|language=en|isbn=9780824811464|last2=Lindstrom|first2=Lamont |ref=CITEREFWhite_et_al1989}}

External links

• [https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/us-forces-in-new-zealand Essays on US forces in New Zealand]
• [https://www.otago.ac.nz/usfathers/bibliography.html Reading list on US forces in the Pacific]

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