“Padule di Fucecchio massacre”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Padule di Fucecchio massacre ({{lang-it|Eccidio del Padule di Fucecchio}}) was the murder of at least 174 Italian civilians,{{efn|Estimates for the number of victims vary. News articles about the 2011 trial state 184, the Italian government stated 175 in 2015, while the commemorative site and the Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy state 174.}}^[1] carried out by the 26th Panzer Division at {{ill|Padule di Fucecchio|it}}, a large wetland north of Fucecchio, Tuscany,^[2] on 23 August 1944. After the war, the commander of the 26th Panzer Division was sentenced for war crimes, but the men who carried out the massacre were not convicted until 2011 and none served any jail time. The massacre has been described as "one of the worst Nazi atrocities in Italy".^[3]

Massacre

The massacre was carried out as a reprisal for the wounding of two German soldiers by Italian partisans. An Italian military court was later told that the Germans had rounded up 94 men, 63 women and 27 children and murdered them with machine gun fire.^[3] According to the prosecutor, the murders were committed "in cold blood, looking the innocent in the eyes".^[4] An Italian historian described the massacre as "not a reprisal but an operation of total desertification".^[4]

Prosecution

Initial investigation

British military police Sergeant Charles Edmonson investigated the massacre in 1945. He took statements from survivors. This evidence was used decades later, after Edmonson's death in 1985, in the prosecution of some of the perpetrators.^[4]^[3]

Edmonson established that the massacre was carried out by soldiers of the 26th Panzer Division. The division was commanded by Eduard Crasemann at the time, who was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment for war crimes after the war and died in jail in West Germany in 1950.^[5]

Trial

In 2011, a military court in Italy tried four of the suspected perpetrators and found three of them guilty while the fourth one died during the trial. Ernst Pistor (Captain), Fritz Jauss (Warrant officer), and Johan Robert Riss (Sergeant) were found guilty while Gerhard Deissmann died before the sentencing, aged 100. The three were unlikely to serve time in jail because Germany was not obliged to extradite them. None of the three showed any remorse for their action.^[4]^[3]

Some of the perpetrators of the massacre were also accused of participating in the murder of the family of Robert Einstein.^[6]^[7]

Only three Nazi war criminals have ever served jail sentences in Italy for war crimes, Erich Priebke, Karl Hass, and Michael Seifert.^[4]

Compensation

Marco De Paolis, the military prosecutor in the case, asked Germany to pay €14 million in compensation to 32 relatives of the victims but Germany denied liability, citing immunity agreements with Italy in 1947 and 1961.^[4]^[3]

Commemoration

In 2015, the Italian Foreign Minister, Paolo Gentiloni, together with his German counterpart Frank-Walter Steinmeier, who would later serve as President of Germany, opened a Documentation Centre on the Padule di Fucecchio Massacre. The official press release by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation puts the number of victims in the massacre at 175.^[8]

Notes

References

1. ^{{cite news |date= |title=Padule di Fucecchio, 23.08.1944|trans-title= |url=http://www.straginazifasciste.it/?page_id=38&id_strage=5787&lang=en |language=Italian |work=Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy |location= |access-date=4 September 2018 }}
2. ^{{cite news |date= |title= History and nature in the Fucecchio Wetlands|trans-title= |url= http://www.italianways.com/history-and-nature-in-the-fucecchio-wetlands/ |language= |work=Italian Ways |location= |access-date=14 August 2018 }}
3. ^¹²³{{cite news |last=Squires |first=Nick |date=26 May 2011 |title= Three former Nazi soldiers found guilty of Tuscan massacre |trans-title= |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/8539997/Three-former-Nazi-soldiers-found-guilty-of-Tuscan-massacre.html |language= |work=The Daily Telegraph |location= |access-date=12 August 2018 }}
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite news |last=|first=|date=26 May 2011 |title= Three ex-Nazis get life for WWII massacre |trans-title= |url= http://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/rubriche/english/2011/05/26/visualizza_new.html_845086729.html |language= |work=Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata |location= |access-date=12 August 2018 }}
5. ^{{cite news |date= |title= The responsible |trans-title= |url= http://www.eccidiopadulefucecchio.it/en/i-responsabili/ |language= |work=L'Eccidio del Padule di Fucecchio |location= |access-date=12 August 2018 }}
6. ^{{cite news |last=Kellerhoff |first=Sven Felix |date=21 February 2011 |title=Die ewige Suche nach dem Mörder der Einsteins |trans-title= The eternal search for the Einstein murderers |url=https://www.welt.de/vermischtes/weltgeschehen/article12601014/Die-ewige-Suche-nach-dem-Moerder-der-Einsteins.html |language= German |work=Die Welt |location= |access-date=3 July 2018 }}
7. ^{{cite news |last=Dosch |first=Stefan |date=23 August 2017 |title=Einsteins Nichten: Die tragische Geschichte von zwei Schwestern |trans-title= Einstein's nieces; The tragic story of two sisters |url=https://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/panorama/Einsteins-Nichten-Die-tragische-Geschichte-von-zwei-Schwestern-id42468146.html |language= German |work=Augsburger Allgemeine |location= |access-date=3 July 2018}}
8. ^{{cite news |last= |first=|date=11 October 2015 |title= The Italian and German foreign ministers open the Documentation Centre on the Padule di Fucecchio Massacre |trans-title= |url= https://www.esteri.it/mae/en/sala_stampa/archivionotizie/approfondimenti/i-ministri-degli-esteri-dei-due.html |language= |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation |location= |access-date=12 August 2018}}