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词条 Palmyra offensive (March 2016)
释义

  1. Offensive

     Battle for the hills  First week  Second week  Close-quarters fighting 

  2. Aftermath

  3. Reactions

  4. Gallery

  5. References

  6. External links

{{For|the two previous offensives|Palmyra offensive (May 2015)|Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)}}{{For|the later offensives|Palmyra offensive (December 2016)|Palmyra offensive (2017)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}{{Infobox military conflict
| width = 400px
| conflict = Palmyra offensive (March 2016)
| partof = the Syrian Civil War and the
Russian military intervention in Syria
| image = Battle of Tadmur.svg
| image_size = 380px
| caption = Map showing areas captured by 26 March
| date = 9–27 March 2016
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=9|year1=2016|month2=03|day2=27|year2=2016}})
| place = Tadmur District, Eastern Homs Governorate, Syria
| territory =
| result = Decisive Syrian Army victory
  • Syrian Army captures Palmyra city and its area[1][2][3]

| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Syria}} Syria
  • {{flagicon image|Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg}} Syrian Armed Forces
{{flag|Russia}}
{{flag|Iran}}[4]
Allied militias:
{{flagicon image|InfoboxHez.PNG}} Hezbollah[4]
Iraqi Shi'ite militias
  • Liwaa Imam Al-'Ali[5]
  • {{Flagicon image|Kata'ib_Hezbollah_flag.svg}} Kata'ib Hezbollah[7]
  • {{Flagicon image|}} Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba[7]
  • {{Flagicon image|Badr Organisation Military flag.svg}} Badr Brigades[6]
{{flagicon image|Liwa Fatemiyoun infobox flag.png}} Liwa Fatemiyoun[7]
{{flagicon|Syria}} Liwa Sayf al-Mahdi[8]
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg}} Ba'ath Brigades[9]
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Palestine.svg}} Galilee Forces[10]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg}} Major General Suheil al-Hassan[11]
(operations chief commander)
{{flagicon image|Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg}} Ali Rahmoun{{KIA}}[12][13]
(Syrian Marines commander)
{{flagicon image|Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg}} Colonel Ali Shaheen[14]
(Panther Forces Brigade commander)
{{flagicon image|Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg}} Colonel Shadi Isma'el[14]
(Cheetah Forces commander)[15]
{{flagicon image|Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg}} Suleiman al-Shwakh[16]
(Desert Commandos commander)
{{flagicon image|Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg}} "The Uncle" Abu Ismail[17]
(Military Security Shield Forces commander)
{{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} Lt. Gen. Aleksandr Zhuravlev[18]
(leading Russian commander)
{{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} Sen. Lt. Alexander Prokhorenko{{KIA}}[19]
(Spetsnaz commander)
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} Sultan bin 'Abdel-Rahman{{KIA}}[20]
(Emir of Palmyra)
{{flagicon|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} Khalil Mohameed{{KIA}}[21]
(Emir of Palmyra)
| units1 = {{flagicon image|Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg}} Syrian Armed Forces
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Arab Army.svg}} Syrian Army
    • 18th Armoured Division
    • 67th Brigade[22]
    • 134th Armoured Brigade[23]
    • Tiger Forces[5]
    • Panther Forces Brigade[24]
    • Cheetah Forces
    • Republican Guard
    • Syrian Marines[7]
    • Qalamoun Shield Forces[9]
    • Desert Hawks Brigade[5]
  • Military Intelligence Directorate
    • Desert Commandos Regiment[16]
    • Military Security Shield Forces[17]
    • Forces of the Fighters of the Tribes[25]
  • {{flagicon image|InfoboxNDF.png}} National Defence Forces[26]
    • Golan Regiment[37]
    • Al-Quneitra Hawks Brigade[37]
{{flagicon|Russia}} Russian forces
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of the Air Force of the Russian Federation.svg}} Aerospace Forces
  • Special operations forces advisors[27][28]
  • Wagner Group (PMC)[29][42][43][30]
{{flagicon|Iran}} IRGC advisors[7]
{{flagicon image|InfoboxHez.PNG}} Hezbollah
  • National Ideological Resistance[31]

| units2 = {{flagicon|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} Military of ISIL
| strength1 = 6,000+[37]
| strength2 = {{flagicon|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} 2,000+ (per Syrian Army)
| casualties1 = {{flagicon|Syria}} 191 killed[32][49]
{{flagicon|Russia}} 3 killed[49][33]
{{flagicon|Iran}} 1 killed[32]
| casualties2 = {{flagicon|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} 417 killed (per SOHR)[32]
450 killed (per Syrian Army)[34]
500+ killed (per Russia; 20–27 March)[35]
| casualties3 =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Syrian Civil War}}
}}

The Palmyra offensive (March 2016) was a military operation of the Syrian Arab Army, supported by Russian airstrikes,[36] to recapture from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant the city of Tadmur (near the ruins of the ancient city of Palmyra), which was strategically important for both forces due to its position in central Syria.[37] The city was recaptured on 27 March.

Offensive

Battle for the hills

First week

On 9 March 2016, heavy Russian airstrikes started hitting the Palmyra area, with 32 ISIL fighters reported killed by the next day.[38] As of 14 March, 80 airstrikes and 200 rockets and artillery shells had hit the city.[39] The Syrian Arab Army's Central Command stated their next aim after eventually capturing Palmyra would be Deir ez-Zor.[40]

Major ground fighting started on 12 March, when the Syrian Army attacked the village of Al-Dawah, west of Palmyra,[22] while the next day they assaulted Jabal Qassoun mountain, where Palmyra Castle is located.[41] In all, the military's attack was directed against three flanks of Palmyra in an attempt to surround the city.[42] In preparation for the offensive, ISIL built strong defenses in the city and trenches around it.[64]

On 14 March, the military captured Hill 800 and Hill 853, which are part of Jabal Hayyan mountain, southwest of Palmyra,[5][43] while the ISIL emir of the city, Khalil Mohameed, was reportedly killed when a rocket hit his headquarters.[21]

On 15 March, government forces fully secured Jabal Hayyan mountain,[44] after capturing Hill 900.[45] The advance brought the military to within four kilometers west and south of Palmyra.[46] Elsewhere, fighting continued in Al-Dawah, while Army units were also attempting to advance towards the Brigade 550 Base.[22] Meanwhile, Russian airstrikes on the road between Palmyra and Al-Sukhnah left 26 people dead.[47]

Second week

On 17 March, ISIL took advantage of a sandstorm and launched a counter-attack[45] against Point 939 and the Jabal Hayyan mountain, though the Army repelled the assault.[4] Later that day, Syrian Marines from the Latakia Governorate and Hezbollah fighters were sent as reinforcements to Palmyra to strengthen the government forces for the assault on the city.[26] ISIL also sent reinforcements.[45] The same day, a Russian Spetsnaz commander, Alexander Prokhorenko, was killed when he ordered an airstrike on himself after being surrounded by ISIL fighters. Prokhorenko's death garnered international media attention.[19]

The following day, the SAA seized the Tal Mattar hilltop, close to the Palmyra Castle,[48] after which they continued to advance, capturing Tal Areen hill.[49] Concurrently with the Syrian Army ground offensive, Russia was conducting 20–25 airstrikes daily on ISIL positions in and around Palmyra. ISIL claimed to have killed six Syrian soldiers, five Russian soldiers and several Hezbollah fighters in the defense of Qasr al-Halabat west of Palmyra. An ISIL website released a video showing the body of a man in military gear, described as a Russian military advisor, with equipment including a customised AK-74M rifle, a helmet, a compass and a pack of bandages with instructions written in Russian.[50] The body, however, was possibly one of the few ethnic-Russian PMC's from the "Wagner Group" killed or reported missing around the Palmyra suburbs. On 17 March, PMC Vadim Tumakov was confirmed killed by fighting in Palmyra.[51][52]

On 20 March, the SAA captured two hills overlooking the Ithriyah–Palmyra highway, cutting off of one of ISIL's main supply routes to the city.[53] The next day, the SAA made more advances,[54] as they assaulted the Jabal Al-Tar hilltop.[55] 26 Syrian Marines, including their commander Ali Rahmoun, were killed during the day's clashes.[12] 17 of the Marines died as a result of a friendly fire accident when they were hit with a Russian missile. Another 26 were wounded.[13] Meanwhile, IRGC advisors and Liwa Fatemiyoun units arrived as another wave of pro-government reinforcements.[7]

On 21 March, a large convoy of reinforcements from the NDF units of Fouj Al-Joulan and Liwaa Suqour Al-Quneitra arrived at the western countryside of Palmyra, raising the number of pro-government forces in the area to more than 6,000.[56] The next evening, government advances continued with the support of 50 airstrikes[57] and the Army seized the Palmyra Triangle road junction.[58][59][60] Subsequently, around 120 explosives were cleared from the Triangle area.[94]

As of 23 March, the military was within one or two kilometers of the city on the south side and five kilometers on the west side,[61][62] as they reached the outskirts of Palmyra,[63] after seizing the al-Hayal mountain range,[64] including its hills that overlook the town.[65] A soldier stated on state TV that they expected to capture the city within hours.[61]

Close-quarters fighting

The following day, the Army was one kilometer from the town and facing stiff resistance as it tried to penetrate the city limits.[66] They attacked the strategic Semiramis Hotel, on the outskirts of Palmyra, approaching to within 70 meters of the hotel.[67] Fighting also reached the edge of the southwestern al-Gharf neighbourhood. As the clashes raged, ISIL urged civilians through loudspeakers to leave the city.[68] In the afternoon, government forces managed to fully capture the Semiramis Hotel,[69] as well as Muhtar Mount, Al-Zera'a roundabout, Al-Tar Mountain, the Tombs Valley and the Mozeh Palace,[70][71] a luxury villa which ISIL used as a headquarters[72] and previously belonged to the House of Thani (the Qatari Royal family).[73] In the evening, the Army entered the first houses in the southwestern part of Palmyra.[71]

On the morning of 25 March, pro-government forces took control of several hilltops on the western and northwestern side of Palmyra, including near Palmyra Castle.[74] Later that day, the castle itself was captured,[75][76][77] as well as reportedly the Brigade 550 Base.[78] Government forces were also reported to have reached the Palmyra Prison, after seizing most of the Palmyra Orchards[79] and the city's airbase.[80] Fighting also raged at the archaeological sites where government force's progress was slow due to the lack of artillery support for the sake of protecting the ruins.[81] At this point, ISIL forces started withdrawing their equipment from Palmyra and planting land mines.[75]

On 26 March, state TV reported the military captured three neighborhoods inside Palmyra,[82] including the northern district of Al-Amiriya, as well as the neighborhoods of Mutaqa'ideen and Al-Jami'a.[83] {{anchor|Amiriya}}The opposition activist group the SOHR confirmed the capture of Al-Amiriya,[84] but stated the other two neighborhoods were still being contested, with ISIL conducting counter-attacks with car-bombs against advancing government forces.[85] Most apartment blocks in the city's residential area were damaged by the fighting and several had completely collapsed.[86] Later, SOHR confirmed the capture of Mutaqa'ideen and Al-Jami'a and reported government troops secured 35% of the city, while ISIL fighters were retreating towards the Al-Sukhnah area, east of Palmyra.[87][88][89]

On the dawn of 27 March, the city was fully captured by the SAA after ISIL defenses collapsed.[1][3] Sporadic fighting continued in the eastern outskirts of Palmyra between government forces and ISIL fighters who refused to retreat,[90] concentrated at the prison and the airbase.[91] However, most of ISIL's forces had withdrawn to the east.[92] Later in the day, the prison and the airbase were captured as the remaining 30 ISIL militants fought to the death.[93]

Aftermath

{{See also|Battle of al-Qaryatayn (March–April 2016)|Palmyra offensive (December 2016)}}

After the liberation of the city, a Russian military convoy, including armored personnel carriers, arrived to help in the process of clearing Palmyra of explosives left by retreating ISIL forces. Meanwhile, a mass grave containing the bodies of 24 civilians and 18 soldiers was discovered. In all, at least 280 people are believed to had been executed by ISIL during its control of the town.[94] Overall, between 29 March and 30 April, Russian and Syrian explosive-disposal teams removed 4,000 explosive devices in the ruins and another 1,000 in the town.[95]

On 5 May, the Mariinsky Theatre Orchestra and Sergei Roldugin performed at the Roman amphitheatre of Palmyra in a highly publicized event.[96]

In course of an offensive in December 2016, ISIL conquered Palmyra and its surroundings again,[97] with the government and its allies retaking it again in 2017.

Reactions

  • {{flag|Egypt}}: The spokesman for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Egypt stated they "welcomed the liberation of the historic Syrian city of Palmyra" and said that Egypt "has realized the imminent danger that threatens the cultural heritage of the region in the light of attacks" by ISIL.[98]
  • {{flag|Iran}}: Secretary of Iran's SNSC Ali Shamkhani congratulated Syria for the victory, adding that Iran's Armed Forces will continue to support the country's war against terrorist groups.[99]
  • {{flag|Russia}}: President of Russia Vladimir Putin congratulated Syrian President Bashar al-Assad on regaining Palmyra and reassured him that Russia would continue to support the Syrian government in fighting terrorists.[100]
  • {{flag|Syria}}: Syrian President Bashar al-Assad told a French delegation in Damascus, "The liberation of the historic city of Tadmur (Palmyra) today is an important achievement and is evidence of the efficacy of the strategy adopted by the Syrian Army and its allies in the war on terrorism".[101]
  • {{flag|United Nations}}: Ban Ki-moon hailed the liberation of Palmyra.[102]
    • UNESCO welcomed the liberation of Palmyra from ISIL, who it said had been carrying out a campaign of "cultural cleansing" around the ancient city. According to UNESCO director-general Irina Bokova, as soon as security conditions allow, UNESCO was ready to launch a mission in Palmyra together with the Syrian authorities to evaluate damage and protect the "priceless heritage" of the city.[103]
  • {{flag|United States}}: Mark Toner of the US State Department in his briefing, when answering questions about the fate of Palmyra on 24 March, a day before the major Syrian offensive, said: "I mean, broadly speaking, it's not a great choice, an either/or—but, which is worse, Daesh or the regime... we think Daesh is probably the greater evil in this case."[104]

Gallery

References

1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-syria-palmyra-islamic-state-20160327-story.html|title=Syrian forces retake historic city of Palmyra from Islamic State|author=Associated Press|date=27 March 2016|work=chicagotribune.com|accessdate=27 March 2016}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/?p=163404|title=بعد معارك استمرت لـ 3 أسابيع قوات النظام تستعيد السيطرة على كامل مدينة تدمر وخسائر بشرية فادحة في صفوف تنظيم "الدولة الإسلامية"|author=khaled|work=المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان|accessdate=27 March 2016}}
3. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-armed-forces-liberate-palmyra-2/|title=Breaking: Syrian Armed Forces liberate Palmyra|author=Leith Fadel|date=27 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=27 March 2016}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-hezbollah-overwhelm-isis-west-palmyra-dozens-killed/|title=Syrian Army, Hezbollah overwhelm ISIS in west Palmyra: dozens killed|author=Leith Fadel|date=17 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=17 March 2016}}
5. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/tiger-forces-liberate-hill-800-west-palmyra/|title=Tiger Forces liberate Hill 800 in west Palmyra|author=Leith Fadel|date=14 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=16 March 2016}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-army-hezbollah-liberate-al-amariyah-northern-palmyra/|title=Breaking: Syrian Army, Hezbollah liberate Al-Amariyah in northern Palmyra|author=Leith Fadel|date=26 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=26 March 2016}}
7. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/irgc-soldiers-arrive-palmyra-help-liberate-city/|title=Iranian special forces arrive in Palmyra to help liberate the city|author=Leith Fadel|date=21 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=21 March 2016}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/19088/liwa-sayf-al-mahdi-a-syrian-army-shii-militia|title=Liwa Sayf al-Mahdi: A Syrian Army Shi'i Militia|author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|date=6 August 2016|accessdate=7 August 2016}}
9. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-forces-hezbollah-mobilize-largest-desert-offensive-isis/|title=Syrian Forces, Hezbollah mobilize for the largest desert offensive against ISIS|author=Leith Fadel|date=9 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=27 September 2016}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/quwat-al-jalil-a-pro-assad-palestinian-syrian-militia/|title=Quwat al-Jalil: A Pro-Assad Palestinian Syrian Militia|author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|work=Syria Comment|date=23 December 2015|accessdate=7 August 2016}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/prominent-syrian-general-deployed-to-isis-held-palmyra-as-syrian-army-prepares-offensive/|title=Prominent Syrian General deployed to ISIS-held Palmyra as Syrian Army prepares offensive|author=Chris Tomson|date=7 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=16 March 2016}}
12. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=45303|title=IS kills 26 seals and their commander in Tadmur city|author=jack|work=Syrian Observatory For Human Rights|accessdate=24 March 2016}}
13. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/friendly-fire-palmyra-kills-17-syrian-marines/|title=Friendly-fire in Palmyra kills 17 Syrian Marines|author=Leith Fadel|date=21 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=21 March 2016}}
14. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-cancels-palmyra-deir-ezzor-offensive/|title=Syrian Army cancels the Palmyra-Deir Ezzor offensive|author=Leith Fadel|work=Al-Masdar News|date=18 April 2016|accessdate=6 June 2016}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/cheetah-forces-capture-30km-of-territory-from-isis-in-east-aleppo-kuweires-airport-within-sight/|title=Cheetah Forces Capture 30km of Territory from ISIS in East Aleppo: Kuweires Airport Within Sight|author=Leith Fadel|work=Al-Masdar News|date=19 October 2015|accessdate=18 February 2016}}
16. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/fawj-maghawir-al-badiya-military-intelligence-militia/|title=Fawj Maghawir al-Badiya: A Military Intelligence Branch Militia|author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|date=30 August 2016|publisher=Syrian Comment|accessdate=30 August 2016}}
17. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/quwat-dir-al-amn-al-askari-another-regime-intelligence-militia/|title=Quwat Dir' Al-Amn Al-Askari: A Latakia Military Intelligence Militia|author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|work=Syria Comment|date=3 September 2016|accessdate=3 September 2016}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russia-appoints-new-commander-military-forces-syria/|title=Russia appoints new commander of military forces in Syria|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=22 July 2016|publisher=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=5 August 2016}}
19. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Dearen|first1=Lizzie|title=Body of Russian special forces officer who 'ordered air strike on himself' to kill Isis militants returned home|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russian-special-forces-officer-ordered-air-strike-on-himself-to-kill-isis-militants-surrounded-body-a7008106.html|date=30 April 2016|work=The Independent|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6hGIFWdSM?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russian-special-forces-officer-ordered-air-strike-on-himself-to-kill-isis-militants-surrounded-body-a7008106.html|archivedate=4 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/top-isis-emir-palmyra-killed-syrian-army/|title=Top ISIS emir in Palmyra killed by the Syrian Army|author=Leith Fadel|date=18 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=24 March 2016}}
21. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/top-isis-commander-palmyra-killed-syrian-army/|title=Top ISIS emir in Palmyra killed by Syrian Army|author=Leith Fadel|date=14 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=16 March 2016}}
22. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-advances-palmyra-despite-heavy-casualties/|title=Syrian Army advances in Palmyra despite heavy casualties|author=Leith Fadel|date=15 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=16 March 2016}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-hezbollah-liberate-territory-inside-palmyra/|title=Breaking: Syrian Army, Hezbollah liberate Al-Amariyah in northern Palmyra|author=Leith Fadel|date=26 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=26 March 2016}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russian-air-force-hammers-isis-east-homs-syrian-army-advances-palmyra/|title=Russian Air Force hammers ISIS' oil routes in east Homs as the Syrian Army advances on Palmyra|author=Leith Fadel|work=Al-Masdar News|date=5 March 2016|accessdate=6 June 2016}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/19789/quwat-muqatili-al-ashair-tribal-auxiliary-forces |title=Quwat Muqatili al-Asha'ir: Tribal Auxiliary Forces of the Military Intelligence |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |work= |date=2 April 2017|accessdate=31 August 2017}}
26. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/massive-convoy-syrian-army-reinforcements-leave-latakia-palmyra/|title=Massive convoy of Syrian Army reinforcements leave Latakia for Palmyra|author=Leith Fadel|date=17 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=17 March 2016}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-russia-death-idUSKCN0WQ28Z|title=Russia's special forces officer killed in Syria: Interfax|author=Reuters Editorial|date=24 March 2016|work=Reuters}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rt.com/news/337023-russian-special-forces-syria/|title=Russian special forces active in Syria, give recon & targeting for warplanes, general confirms|work=RT International}}
29. ^Huffington Post
30. ^{{cite web|last1=Sparks|first1=John|title=Revealed: Russia's 'Secret Syria Mercenaries'|url=http://news.sky.com/story/revealed-russias-secret-syria-mercenaries-10529248|website=Sky News|publisher=Sky plc|accessdate=8 December 2016|date=10 August 2016}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/18653/analysis-the-retaking-of-palmyra-from-the-islamic|title=Analysis: The Retaking of Palmyra from the Islamic State|author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|date=28 March 2016|accessdate=27 September 2016}}
32. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://townhall.com/news/politics-elections/2016/03/28/syrian-forces-pursue-campaign-against-islamic-state-after-retaking-palmyra-n2139741|title=Syrian forces pursue campaign against Islamic State after retaking Palmyra|work=townhall.com}}
33. ^US says Iran forces pulling back in Syria; others say no
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://sana.sy/en/?p=72949|title=The army takes full control of Palmyra city, hundreds of ISIS terrorists killed|author=Reem|publisher=}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/03/24/world/middleeast/ap-ml-islamic-state-the-latest.html|title=The Latest: Russian Officer Killed Near Palmyra in Syria|date=24 March 2016|work=AP|accessdate=27 March 2016|via=The New York Times}}
[https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/03/26/world/middleeast/ap-islamic-state.html Heavy Russian Airstrikes as Syrian Army Fights IS in Palmyra]
The ancient city of Palmyra could be restored in 5 years
36. ^{{cite news|title=Isis 'losing control' of Palmyra as Syrian troops backed by Russian air strikes approach ancient city|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-losing-control-of-palmyra-as-syrian-troops-backed-by-russian-air-strikes-approach-ancient-city-a6953921.html|agency=Independent|date=26 March 2016}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://southfront.org/syrias-forces-move-closer-to-palmyra/|title=Syria's Forces Move Closer to Palmyra|publisher=|accessdate=16 March 2016}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2016/Mar-11/341718-syrian-army-aims-for-eastward-advance-with-palmyra-attack.ashx|title=Syrian army aims for eastward advance with Palmyra attack|work=The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon|accessdate=16 March 2016}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=45048|title=300 airstrikes and shells target Tadmur city|author=jack|work=Syrian Observatory For Human Rights|accessdate=16 March 2016}}
40. ^Fadel, Leith. [https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-plans-liberate-deir-ezzor-palmyra/ Syrian Army, Hezbollah plan to liberate Deir Ezzor after Palmyra]. Al-Masdar News. 12 March 2016.
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-army-storms-palmyra-castle/|title=Breaking: Syrian Army storms the Palmyra Castle|author=Leith Fadel|date=13 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=16 March 2016}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-armed-forces-attempt-surround-palmyra/|title=Syrian Armed Forces attempt to surround Palmyra|author=Leith Fadel|date=14 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=16 March 2016}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-army-liberates-point-853-western-palmyra/|title=Breaking: Syrian Army liberates Point 853 in western Palmyra|author=Leith Fadel|date=14 March 2016|work=Al-Masdar News|accessdate=16 March 2016}}
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73. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3507616/Syrian-army-enters-historic-city-Palmyra-ISIS-warned-crushed-feet-Assad-s-forces.html|title=Syrian army re-enters Palmyra as ISIS are warned they will be 'crushed'|date=24 March 2016|work=Mail Online|accessdate=24 March 2016}}
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95. ^How 100 Syrians, 200 Russians and 11 dogs out-witted ISIS and saved Palmyra
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98. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Templates/Articles/tmpArticleNews.aspx?ArtID=102234#.VvuzmU996Uk|title=Egypt welcomes liberation of Palmyra from Daesh terrorist|publisher=State Information Services|date=30 March 2016}}
99. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2016/03/28/1035194/iran-s-snsc-secretary-congratulates-syria-on-palmyra-liberation|title=Iran's SNSC Secretary Congratulates Syria on Palmyra Liberation|work=Tasnim News Agency|date=28 March 2016}}
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101. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/27/syrian-regime-forces-retake-all-of-palmyra-from-isis|title=Assad hails Syrian regime's capture of Palmyra from Isis |work=The Guardian}}
102. ^{{cite web|url=http://m.economictimes.com/news/international/world-news/ban-ki-moon-hails-removal-of-is-from-syrias-palmyra/articleshow/51577444.cms|title=Ban Ki-moon hails removal of IS from Syria's Palmyra|work=The Economic Times}}{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
103. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/video-claims-show-group-still-control-palmyra-845289659|title=IS video claims to show group still in control of Palmyra|work=Middle East Eye}}
104. ^{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxs7yog_CjM|title=WOW: State Dept Rep - Syria's army should not liberate Palmyra from ISIS?|date=24 March 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}}

External links

{{commons cat|Liberation of Palmyra (2016)}}
  • Video: Liwa al-Fatemiyoun marching
  • Palmyra after liberation from ISIS Tasnim News Agency
{{Syrian Civil War}}{{Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}}{{coord|34.5600|N|38.2672|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

10 : Palmyra|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War in 2016|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Homs Governorate in the Syrian Civil War|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving the Syrian government|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving Hezbollah|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving Quds Force|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving Russia|March 2016 events in Asia|Tadmur District
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