| 词条 | Paraguana moustached bat |
| 释义 |
|status=EN |status_system=IUCN3.1 |status_ref=[1] |image= |genus=Pteronotus |species=paraguanensis |authority=(Linares & Ojasti, 1974) |synonyms=Pteronotus parnellii ssp.{{clarify|date=November 2018}} |synonyms_ref= }} The Paraguana moustached bat (Pteronotus paraguanensis) occurs only on the Paraguaná Peninsula of Venezuela.[1] The entire population uses three caves, one of which is subject to human vandalism.[1] Their total range is less than {{convert|400|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.[1] In 2008, the caves where the bat is found were protected by the creation of the Cuevas de Paraguaná Wildlife Sanctuary–the first wildlife sanctuary in Venezuela.[2] TaxonomyThere is uncertainty if this taxa represents a species, or if it is a subspecies of Parnell's mustached bat.[1] Based on morphology, the bats were elevated from a subspecies to a species in 2008.[3] The status of the bat as a full species was affirmed by genetic sequencing.[4] ConservationIn their 2008 assessment, the IUCN listed the Paraguana moustached bat as critically endangered.[1] The 2016 assessment, however, downlisted them to endangered.[1] In 2013, Bat Conservation International listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation.[5] In 2015, Bat Conservation International began fundraising for bat detectors to better survey the critical habitat necessary for the species' survival.[6] The species is especially threatened by intentional destruction by humans; in 1997, thousands of dead bats were found in one of the caves after locals set tires on fire at the cave entrance.[3] Some Venezuelans mistakenly believe that all bats are vampire bats, and should therefore be exterminated.[3] To reduce vandalism and protect the bats, a gate was installed in 2003 at the entrance of one of the caves, with gaps large enough for bats to come and go, but too small for human passage.[3] After the gate was installed, the number of bats using the cave "substantially increased".[3] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Solari, S. 2016. Pteronotus paraguanensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T136610A21987754. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136610A21987754.en. Downloaded on 04 May 2017. {{Taxonbar|from=Q2971360}}2. ^{{cite web |url=http://diversidadbiologica.minamb.gob.ve/areas/ficha/77/ |title=Cuevas de Paraguaná |author= |date= |website=diversidadbiologica.minamb.gob.ve |publisher=Diversidad Biológica |access-date=May 6, 2017 |quote=}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 Eliécer E. Gutiérrez, Jesús Molinari; Morphometrics and Taxonomy of Bats of the Genus Pteronotus (Subgenus Phyllodia) in Venezuela. J Mammal 2008; 89 (2): 292-305. 4. ^Pavan, A. C., & Marroig, G. (2016). Integrating multiple evidences in taxonomy: species diversity and phylogeny of mustached bats (Mormoopidae: Pteronotus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 103, 184-198. 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.batcon.org/images/stories/annualreports/AnnualReport2014.pdf |title=Annual Report 2013-2014 |author= |date=August 2014 |website=batcon.org |publisher=Bat Conservation International |access-date=May 1, 2017}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.batcon.org/resources/media-education/bats-magazine/bat_article/1499 |title=The BCI Wish List |author= |date=Winter 2015 |website=batcon.org |publisher=Bat Conservation International |access-date=May 6, 2017 |quote=}} 5 : Pteronotus|Mammals described in 1974|Bats of South America|Mammals of Venezuela|Endemic fauna of Venezuela |
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