词条 | Parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand |
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| image = | virus_group = i | familia = Poxviridae | subfamilia = Chordopoxvirinae | genus = Parapoxvirus | species = Parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand }}Parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand (PVNZ) is a species of virus in the genus Parapoxvirus.[1] It has been reported in deer in New Zealand,[2] and in wild ruminants in Italy.[1] In 1987, deaths{{clarify|deer or human deaths?|date=November 2017}} occurred on two Red Deer farms in New Zealand where secondary bacterial infections were seen alongside the lesions. In these particular cases, morbidity rates reached 100%.[3][4] Viral classificationPVNZ was classified as a separate species due to its unique patterns of restriction enzymes.[1] Parapoxviruses belongs to the family of viruses named Poxviridae, a group one family of double stranded DNA viruses. More specifically Parapoxvirus is classified into the subfamily of Chordopoxvirinae.[5] Virion sizeGenerally, viruses within the Poxviridae family have brick or oval-shaped virions. Sizes range from between 140-260 nanometres in width and 220-450 nanometres in length. They are enveloped viruses with surface tubules sometimes referred to as surface filaments. StructureParapoxvirus virions are large in comparison to a majority of the other Poxviridae virions. Virions are the complete form of a virus outside of the host cell that is capable of infection. Virions contain a core of RNA or DNA within a capsid. A capsid is the protein shell of a virus. Parapoxvirus virions are typically 260 x 160 nanometers in size.They possess an enveloped capsid and a distinguishing spiral coat,[6] which is composed of a crossing pattern of tubes. Dissecting a Parapoxvirus virion from the outside in, after passing through the either the EV envelope or the MV membrane (depending on the infectious virus particle, see bullets below) is the lateral body, its function is unknown. After this comes the core wall which is followed by the nucleocapsid.[7] The nucleocapsid is simply the capsid of the Parapoxvirus that is enclosed in nucleic acid. Surprisingly, parapoxviruses have considerably smaller genomes that other genera of the family Poxviridae, (85 MDA).[8] Parapoxvirus has two different infectious virus particles
GenomeParapxvirus is a linear, double-stranded DNA virus. The length of the genome ranges from 130 – 150 kb. "The linear genome is flanked by inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences which are covalently-closed at their extremities."[7] Replication cycleThese viruses can infect ungulates (hoofed animals) and humans, and can be transmitted sexually and non sexually.[8] Parapoxvirus enters cells by utilizing glycosaminoglycans as a lubricant.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} Replication and transcriptionReplication is cytoplasmic
Assembly and releaseAssembly occurs within the cytoplasm of the host cell. Release occurs via budding of a membranous vesicle and ultimately results in lysis. The host cell is denigrated after the cell's membrane is ruptured upon virus' exit. Disease in deerPVNZ causes scabby lesions on the face, lips, ears and velvet of deer.[2] Deer recover in two to three weeks.[9] Animals under two years of age are more often affected than older deer.[2] Outbreak in ItalyIn order to characterize the strains of Parapoxviruses causing severe disease in wild ruminants in Stelvio Park, Italy, sequencing and comparisons of isolated DNA were conducted. Results demonstrated that the red deer isolates are closely related to the parapox of Red Deer in New Zealand virus.[10] References1. ^1 2 {{cite book |last1=Oliveira |first1=Graziele |last2=Costa |first2=Galileu |last3=Assis |first3=Felipe |last4=Franco-Luiz |first4=Ana Paula |last5=Trinidade |first5=Giliane |last6=Kroon |first6=Erna |last7=Turrini |first7=Filippo |last8=Abrahao |first8=Jonatas |editor1-last=Dongyou |editor1-first=Liu |title=Molecular detection of animal viral pathogens |date=2016 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781498700375 |page=884 |chapter=Chapter 97: Parapoxvirus|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhdjDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA884}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q18975578}}2. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=McFadden |first1=Andrew |last2=Rawdon |first2=Thomas |title=Parapoxviruses in domestic livestock in New Zealand |journal=Surveillance |date=June 2012 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=14–16 |url=http://www.sciquest.org.nz/node/77412 }} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Horner|first=G. W.|last2=Robinson|first2=A. J.|last3=Hunter|first3=R.|last4=Cox|first4=B. T.|last5=Smith|first5=R.|date=1987-04-01|title=Parapoxvirus infections in New Zealand farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus)|journal=New Zealand Veterinary Journal|volume=35|issue=4|pages=41–45|doi=10.1080/00480169.1987.35376|issn=0048-0169|pmid=16031369}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ueda|first=Norihito|last2=Inder|first2=Marie K.|last3=Wise|first3=Lyn M.|last4=Fleming|first4=Stephen B.|last5=Mercer|first5=Andrew A.|date=March 2007|title=Parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand encodes a variant of viral vascular endothelial growth factor|journal=Virus Research|volume=124|issue=1–2|pages=50–58|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2006.09.012|issn=0168-1702|pmid=17109982}} 5. ^{{cite web |title=Poxviridae |url=https://viralzone.expasy.org/174?outline=all_by_species |website=ViralZone |publisher=Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics |accessdate=2018-11-08}} 6. ^{{EMedicine|article|224833|Parapoxviruses}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title=Parapoxvirus |url=https://viralzone.expasy.org/150?outline=all_by_species |website=ViralZone |publisher=Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics |accessdate=2018-11-08}} 8. ^1 {{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-4089-4.00059-7 |chapter=Poxviruses |title=Medical Microbiology |pages=446–451 |year=2012 |last1=Pennington |first1=T.H. |isbn=9780702040894 }} 9. ^{{cite journal |last1=Mackintosh |first1=Ian |title=Importance of infectious diseases of New Zealand farmed deer |journal=Sureillance |date=January 1993 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=24–26 |url=http://www.sciquest.org.nz/node/46681}} 10. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.3201/eid1704.101454 |pmid=21470460 |pmc=3377414 |title=Parapoxvirus Infections of Red Deer, Italy |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=684–687 |year=2011 |last1=Scagliarini |first1=Alessandra |last2=Vaccari |first2=Francesca |last3=Turrini |first3=Filippo |last4=Bianchi |first4=Alessandro |last5=Cordioli |first5=Paolo |last6=Lavazza |first6=Antonio }} 4 : Zoonoses|Ruminant diseases|Virus-related cutaneous conditions|Chordopoxvirinae |
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