| 词条 | Parcel de Manuel Luís Marine State Park |
| 释义 |
| name = Parcel de Manuel Luís Marine State Park | alt_name = Parque Estadual Marinho do Parcel de Manuel Luís | iucn_category = II | photo = Uberaba ex henny Woermann.jpg | photo_alt = | photo_caption = Passenger steamship Uberaba. In 1921 she ran aground and was wrecked on the Manoel Luis reef. | map = Brazil | map_alt = | relief = yes | location = | nearest_city = Cururupu, Maranhão | coordinates = {{coord|0.913302|S|44.31953|W|region:BR|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = {{convert|45937|ha}} | designation = State park | created = 11 June 1991 | administrator = Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais | world_heritage_site = | embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Parque Estadual Marinho do Parcel Manoel Luís including the Baixios do Mestre Álvaro and Tarol | designation1_date = 28 February 2000 | designation1_number = 1021[1]}} }} The Parcel de Manuel Luís Marine State Park ({{lang-pt|Parque Estadual Marinho do Parcel de Manuel Luís}}) is a state park in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. It protects the Manuel Luis Reefs, an important coral reef of the south Atlantic. The reefs contain the wrecks of many ships. LocationThe Parcel de Manuel Luís Marine State Park is in the Atlantic ocean offshore from the municipality of Cururupu, Maranhão.{{sfn|PES Marinho do Parcel de Manuel Luís – ISA|loc=Informações gerais}} The reef is named for the fisherman Manuel Luís, who discovered the rock formation in the late nineteenth century.{{sfn|Marcelo Carota|2015}} The corals grow on a granite reef and cover an area of {{convert|1800|ha}}.{{sfn|Shirley Amélia da Silva Leão|2010|p=3}} The park has an area of {{convert|45937|ha}}, {{convert|45|mi}} from Maiau Island and {{convert|50|mi}} from Lençóis Island.{{sfn|PES Marinho do Parcel de Manuel Luís – ISA|loc=Características}} HistoryThe coral reefs along {{convert|3000|km}} of the northeast coast of Brazil from the south of Bahia to Maranhão are rapidly degrading due to destructive use. The state park was considered one of the seven highest priorities for conservation of the reefs.{{sfn|PES Marinho do Parcel de Manuel Luís – ISA|loc=Características}} The Parcel de Manuel Luís Marine State Park was created by decree 11.902 of 11 June 1991 with the purpose of protecting the largest coral reef of South America from the environmental impacts of hydrocarbon pollution and over fishing. The state park was to protect the marine fauna and flora and natural scenic beauty, under the administration of SEMATUR. It was to be used for scientific, educational and recreational uses that would avoid changes or environmental impact.{{sfn|Edison Lobão|Fernando César de Moreira Mesquita|1991}} The state park became a Ramsar Site in February 2000.{{sfn|Marcelo Carota|2015}}[1] EnvironmentThe reef is an area of great biodiversity, holding all the coral reef species found on the northeast coast.{{sfn|Shirley Amélia da Silva Leão|2010|p=4}} Coral species include Agaricia agaricites, Agaricia fragilis, Meandrina braziliensis, Great star coral Montastraea cavernosa, Mussismilia hispida, Porites astreoides, Scolymia wellsi, Siderastrea stellata and Millepora alcicornis.{{sfn|Shirley Amélia da Silva Leão|2010|p=6}} The corals are home to multi-coloured fish such as parrotfish, sergeant major and butterflyfish, and to larger species such as groupers and sea turtles.{{sfn|PES Marinho do Parcel de Manuel Luís – ISA|loc=Características}} Coral bleaching has been reported since 1999.{{sfn|Shirley Amélia da Silva Leão|2010|p=6}} ShipwrecksThe Parcel de Manuel Luís is in an area of strong currents and variable tides, and for many years was poorly charted.{{sfn|Marcelo Carota|2015}} At low tide depths may be no more than {{convert|1|m}}.{{sfn|Shirley Amélia da Silva Leão|2010|p=9}} There are over 200 shipwrecks, second only to the Bermuda Triangle.{{sfn|Marcelo Carota|2015}} Wrecks on the reef include:{{sfn|Maranhão – naufragiosdobrasil}} {{div col|colwidth=22em}}
The Navio do Cobre, as its name implies, was carrying a cargo of copper. This was recovered by looters. The Vandyck was an English liner that was carrying 200 passengers from Buenos Aires bound for New York, and was sunk in 1914 by a German ship during World War I (1914–18). All the passengers were saved. The Uberaba was originally the German naval vessel Henny Woerman, captured by the Brazilian Navy during World War I. The tanker Ana Cristina, the last to sink, is the best preserved.{{sfn|Marcelo Carota|2015}} Notes{{notes}}1. ^1 {{Cite web|title=Parque Estadual Marinho do Parcel Manoel Luís including the Baixios do Mestre Álvaro and Tarol|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1021|accessdate=25 April 2018}} Sources{{refbegin}}
|author1=Edison Lobão|author2=Fernando César de Moreira Mesquita|date=11 June 1991|publisher=State of Maranhão |url=https://documentacao.socioambiental.org/ato_normativo/UC/305_20100823_151217.pdf|accessdate=2016-08-03}}
|title=Maranhão|work=naufragiosdobrasil |url=http://www.naufragiosdobrasil.com.br/maranhao.htm|accessdate=2016-08-03}}
|author=Marcelo Carota |publisher=MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente|language=Portuguese |url=http://mma.gov.br/index.php/comunicacao/agencia-informma?view=blog&id=709|accessdate=2016-08-03}}
|title=PES Marinho do Parcel de Manuel Luís|publisher=ISA: Instituto Socioambiental |url=https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/4429|accessdate=2016-08-03}}
|author=Shirley Amélia da Silva Leão|title=Parque Estadual Marinho do Parcel de Manoel Luís|date=24 May 2010 |url=http://www.mma.gov.br/estruturas/205/_arquivos/pem_parcel_205.pdf|accessdate=2016-08-03}}{{refend}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Parcel de Manuel Luis Marine State Park}} 6 : State parks of Brazil|Ramsar sites in Brazil|Protected areas of Maranhão|1991 establishments in Brazil|Coral reefs|Protected areas established in 1991 |
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