| 词条 | Paridhi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Paridhi (c. 11th century CE), also referred to as Paridhiyaar, was a Tamil literary commentator known for his commentary on the Thirukkural.[1] He was among the canon of ten medieval commentators of the Kural text most highly esteemed by scholars.[2] He was also among the five ancient commentators whose works had been preserved and made available to the Modern era, the others being Manakkudavar, Pari Perumal, Kaalingar, and Parimelalhagar. Early LifeParidhi is also referred to as Parudhi in olden manuscripts. From the works of Tudisai Kilar, Paridhi's home town is known to be Tirupparudhi Niyamam in the present-day Tanjavur district, where the presiding deity is Parudhiyappar (hence the name Parudhi).[3] He belonged to the Saivite sect of the Brahmin caste. He is believed to have lived around the 11th century CE. He lived before Parimelalhagar. Paridhi had a scholarly knowledge in Sanskrit and Tamil and possessed a good worldly knowledge. He is believed to have written the commentary in his old age.[4] ReligionParidhi belonged to the Saivite sect. This is evident from several usages he employed in his commentary. In the “Invocation” chapter of the Kural text, he explains the terms நற்றாள், இறைவன் பொருள்சேர் புகழ், and அறவாழி அந்தணன் as “the divine feet of Lord Shiva,” “Shiva kirti,” and “the virtuous ocean called Lord Parameshwara,” respectively. In chapter “Not lying,” he interprets the term எல்லா அறமுந் தரும் (Kural 296) as “obtaining the blessings of Lord Shiva.” In Kural 388, he elaborates the term மக்கட்கு இறை as “Lord Parameshwara, the saviour of the world”. In Kural 310, he interprets the term துறந்தார் as “those who renounced from the body the ninety-six principles.” He has also explained the term எண்குணத்தான் (Kural 9) in Shivite terms.[4] Commentary on the Kural textOf all the Kural commentaries of the ten medieval commentators, Paridhi's commentary is the simplest in form and presentation. The commentary appears more or less in a colloquial style, without losing the beauty of the language and ease of comprehension. It has more Sanskrit terms compared with other medieval commentaries. In some places, it appears like a discourse in written form. Yet in some other places, the explanation is shorter than the Kural couplet upon which it elaborates. In still other places, the commentary appears long winded.[3] According to Dhandapani Desikar, connecting and integrating the meaning of the Kural couplet by means of Paridhi's commentary is analogous to crossing the Cauvery by means of a rope bridge.[4] For Kural couplets 161, 166, 167, 191, and 194, Paridhi’s commentary is similar in meaning to that of Kaalingar’s. For couplet 1126, it strikes a similarity with that of Parimelalhagar’s.[3] Variations in ordering of the Kural versesThe following table depicts the variations among the early commentators in ordering, for example, the first ten verses of the Tirukkural. Note that the ordering of the verses and chapters as set by Parimelalhagar, which had been followed unanimously for centuries ever since, has now been accepted as the standard structure of the Kural text.
Comparing the verse ordering by various ancient commentators with that of Manakkudavar, the first of the ancient commentators whose commentary is available, it can be reckoned that Paridhi's commentary follows closely Manakkudavar's, save for a few variations. The modern chapters 10, 13, 17, 18, and 19 appearing under the subsection "Domestic virtues" of the Kural text appear as chapters 26, 27, 30, 31, and 32, respectively, under the subsection "Ascetic virtues" in Manakkudavar's commentary. Similarly, the modern chapters 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, appearing under the subsection "Ascetic virtues" appear as chapters 19, 20, 10, 16, 17, 18, respectively, under the subsection "Domestic virtues" in Manakkudavar's work. Nevertheless, being the earliest available commentary of the Tirukkural, Manakkudavar's work is considered to bear the closest semblance with the original work of the Kural text by Valluvar. The following table shows the numbering of variations found in the ordering of the Kural verses by various ancient commentators with respect to the commentary by Manakkudavar.
See also{{Portal|Tamil Nadu|Tamil People|Tamil civilization|Dravidian civilizations|India|Literature}}
References1. ^{{cite book | last = Vedhanayagam | first = Rama | author-link = | title = திருவள்ளுவ மாலை மூலமும் எளிய உரை விளக்கமும் [Tiruvalluvamaalai: Moolamum Eliya Urai Vilakkamum] | publisher = Manimekalai Prasuram | series = | volume = | edition= 1st | date = 2017 | location = Chennai | pages=7–8 | language = Tamil | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }} 2. ^{{cite book | last = Natarajan | first = P. R. | author-link = | title = Thirukkural: Aratthuppaal | publisher = Uma Padhippagam | series = | volume = | edition= First | date = December 2008 | location = Chennai | pages = 1–6 | language = Tamil | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |author= M. V. Aravindan |title= உரையாசிரியர்கள் [Commentators] |url= |year= 1968 |edition= |publisher=Manivasagar Padhippagam | location= Chennai |isbn = |page= 348–360}} 4. ^1 {{cite book | last = Desikar | first = C. Dhandapani | author-link = | title = திருக்குறள் அழகும் அமைப்பும் [Tirukkural: Beauty and Structure] | publisher = Tamil Valarchi Iyakkagam | series = | volume = | edition= | date = 2012 | location = Chennai | pages = 138 | language = Tamil | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }} Further reading
5 : Tirukkural|Tamil poets|Tirukkural commentators|Ten medieval commentators|Medieval Tamil poets |
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