| 词条 | Air & Space 18A | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Air & Space 18A is a gyroplane that was manufactured in the central United States between 1965 and 2000. The Air & Space 18A is one of the last three gyroplanes issued a Standard Airworthiness Certificate (September 1961) by the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). DevelopmentUmbaugh Aircraft CorporationRaymond E. Umbaugh, a manufacturer of agricultural fertilizer, founded Umbaugh Aircraft Corporation in Ocala, Florida, in 1957 to develop a gyroplane based on experience he acquired while modifying single-seat Bensen Gyrocopters. Gilbert Devore commenced the design of Umbaugh's tandem two-seat jump-takeoff gyroplane in 1958, basing the rotor system on that of the Sznycer Omega BS-12 helicopter. The prototype Umbaugh U-17, built by Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corporation of Hagerstown, Maryland, flew in August 1959. Further test flights were conducted by chief pilot Ken Hayden and former Pitcairn Autogiro Company pilot Slim Soule. The majority of the testing of the aircraft was done at Bartow Air Base in Bartow,Fl. The prototype exhibited stability problems due to its single rudder and minimal T-tail horizontal stabilizer positioned on a boom behind the pusher propeller. The second prototype, named Umbaugh U-18, was fitted with a V-tail which also proved inadequate. The third empennage tested, also unsuccessfully, was a T-tail with two large vertical end plates on the horizontal tail plane. Sufficient stability was finally achieved by the use of two fixed vertical fins with a centrally mounted all-flying rudder, all mounted on a horizontal stabilizer. Umbaugh had by this time concluded an agreement for Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corporation to undertake final development and mass production of the U-18 as the “Flymobil.” Fairchild built five development gyroplanes during 1960, one of which was used to gain FAA Approved Type Certificate 1H17 in September 1961. Umbaugh established a large network of dealers and distributors in the United States, upon whom he imposed minimum sales quotas to generate a large order backlog, but he experienced difficulty filling the orders due to inadequate manufacturing capability at Fairchild. Under pressure from the dealers, Umbaugh Aircraft Corporation ceased operations in 1962 and the agreement with Fairchild was terminated. Air and Space Manufacturing Inc.About one hundred Umbaugh dealers took over the assets of Umbaugh Aircraft Corporation and in 1964 established Air and Space Manufacturing, Inc., of Muncie, Indiana, to commence production. In early 1965, the FAA awarded the corporation a production certificate for the Air & Space Model 18A gyroplane, a model which had only minor differences from the Umbaugh U-18. By late 1965 sixty-eight gyroplanes had been completed and delivered, 14 more were near completion, some were later stolen when Air and Space Manufacturing was in receivership. Air and Space Manufacturing, Inc., was again faced with dealer pressure for aircraft and commenced efforts to raise $2.5 million for expansion. The fund raising resulted in accusations of stock irregularities by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and though those concerned were eventually cleared of all charges, the associated costs and delays resulted in the collapse of the company in 1966. The assets of Air and Space Manufacturing went into storage, and were eventually (in the 1980s) acquired by one of the dealers, retired Pan Am pilot Don Farrington of Paducah, Kentucky. John Potter (former Vice President of Air & Space Manufacturing, Inc.,) went into partnership with Don Farrington until the year 2000 when Don died of a heart attack. Potter tried to re-establish the 18A program and transported an inventory of parts and some 18As to LaBelle, Florida, where he and partner Gene Ferrel established Heliplane Aircraft International Corp. Robert Kelsall of Euroa, Australia, was engaged to design a four-place version of the 18A termed 28A. Potter died of cancer in 2006. Heliplane Aircraft International Corp. currently resides in Summerville, SC outside Charleston. Gene Ferrel owns the FAA Type II certificate for this aircraft, along with three trailers full of parts, fuselages and airframes. As of November 2011, no progress has been made placing the 18A back into production. Farrington Aircraft Corp.Initially lacking ownership of the type certificate, Farrington Aircraft Corporation remanufactured existing aircraft and also developed Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) modifications including:
Farrington Aircraft Corporation also operated a gyroplane pilot training facility at Farrington Airpark, a privately owned, public-use airport in Paducah, Kentucky, and engaged in extensive promotional efforts. Production by Air and Space America, Inc.In 1991, Farrington obtained the Air & Space 18A Type Certificate, and undertook efforts to manufacture new gyroplanes as Air and Space America, Inc. with a selling price of $75,000.[1] Work was also under way in 1996 to certify a Model 20A, fitted with a Lycoming IO-360 {{convert|200|hp}} fuel-injected engine. Farrington suffered a heart attack while flying an Air and Space 18A at an airshow in April 2000. Farrington Aircraft Corporation ceased operations shortly after, and the gyroplane assets were sold at auction. Heliplane Aircraft Corporation InternationalAt some point the type certificate along with several aircraft were moved to Fort Pierce, Florida and Heliplane Aircraft Corporation International (HACI) was formed. The owner of HACI is Eugene Ferrel. Plans to fit the 18A with a DeltaHawk 200 hp diesel engine never materialized beyond the planning stage and the company has done little else. HACI filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection on July 1, 2011. The Bankruptcy court has since converted the case to Chapter 7 and the type certificate and all assets are being liquidated. Heliplane USAHeliplane USA is the 2012 corporation that has purchased the type certificate and assets and intends to restart manufacturing in the next 36 months. Design{{ external media|align=right | video1= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hI5cAgWmShU Jump takeoff] of A&S 18A}} The 18A is a metal semi-monocoque construction with a tube frame supporting the transmission and engine. It has an enclosed cockpit with two tandem seats and a fixed tricycle landing gear. A 180 hp (134 kW) Lycoming O-360-A1D horizontally opposed carbureted engine is fitted behind the cockpit driving a two or three-bladed Hartzell pusher propeller. A three-bladed fully articulated rotor is mounted above and behind the cockpit. A hydraulically actuated clutch and a transmission are provided to permit the engine to drive the rotor briefly while on the ground to obtain the rotor speed necessary for takeoff. The clutch is released immediately prior to takeoff, and the rotor is not engine-driven in flight. The rotor can be pre-spun up to 370 rpm on the ground with the blades in flat pitch to store energy for take-off (flight rpm typically being in the low 200s). When the blades are released to flight pitch the aircraft can perform a "jump" or zero-roll take-off (aircraft load and density altitude permitting) using the excess energy in the blades. Specifications (18A){{aircraft specifications|plane or copter?= copter |jet or prop?= prop |ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1966–67[2] and Report UER 18-600 FAA Approved Gyroplane Flight Manual, Revised Apr. 9, 1991 |crew= one, pilot |capacity=one passenger |length main= 19 ft 10 in |length alt= 6.04 m |span main= 35 ft 0 in |span alt= 10.67 m |height main= 9 ft 3 in |height alt= 2.82 m |area main= 963 sq ft |area alt= 89.5 m |airfoil= |empty weight main= |empty weight alt= |loaded weight main= |loaded weight alt= |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main= 1,800 lb |max takeoff weight alt= 816 kg |more general=
|engine (prop)=Lycoming O-360-A1D |type of prop=air-cooled flat-four |number of props=1 |power main= 180 hp |power alt= 135 kW |power original= |max speed main= 84 knots |max speed alt= 97 mph, 156 km/h |cruise speed main= 70 knots |cruise speed alt= 80 mph, 129 km/h |never exceed speed main= |never exceed speed alt= |stall speed main= |stall speed alt= |range main= 261 nmi |range alt= 300 mi, 483 km |ceiling main= 12,000 ft |ceiling alt= 3,660 m |climb rate main= 710 ft/min |climb rate alt= 3.6 m/s |loading main= |loading alt= |thrust/weight= |power/mass main= |power/mass alt= |more performance= |armament= |avionics= }} References1. ^{{cite journal|title=none|magazine=Flying Magazine|date=August 1991|page=34}} {{commons category|Air & Space 18A}}2. ^Taylor 1966, p. 182.
5 : Farrington aircraft|United States civil utility aircraft 1960–1969|Single-engined pusher autogyro|Air and Space Manufacturing aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1964 |
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