“Pax Mafiosa”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Pax Mafiosa is a term describing a state of relative non-violence in the territories of organized crime groups caused by agreements not to interfere in criminal activities.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Description

The "peace" has been described as a state of relative non-violence.^[1] This is generated from an agreement between different competing organized crime groups to not compete in criminal activity and territory, leading to a stable peace.^[4] Governmental authorities may also agree to this peace for their citizens, by non-interference in drug trafficking and other criminal activities. Conversely, organized crime groups benefit from reduced competition and risk, and non-harassment of their members and families.^[2] There are allegations that notional capture and escapes of organized crime bosses might be ploys to maintain the peace.^[7]

It has been felt that an increase in violence after a period of peace is due to a change in the status quo, for example, an increase in competition between groups or political interference.^[4]

Etymology

The name is usually used in reference to the Sicilian Mafia and other Italian organized crime groups. The name is modeled on the Latin Pax Romana (English: "Roman Peace"), which was a long period of relative peace in the Roman Empire due to its power and influence. Just as this term led to derivative terms, such as Pax Britannica and Pax Americana, the term Pax Mafiosa has also led to derivative usage.^[4] The phrase is sometimes written as Pax Mafioso, however Mafiosa is the grammatically correct and more common variant.^[4]

As applied to Mexico

The term Pax Sinaloa is used to describe the peace that occurred due to the power of the Sinaloa Cartel during the Mexican Drug War.^[5]^[6] This has also been referred to as the Pax Narcotica.^[7]^[8]

References

1. ^¹{{cite news|last1=Stewart|first1=Phil|title=Pax Mafiosa leads to fall in Italian mob killings|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-italy-mafia-idUKL2019206520070620|accessdate=17 August 2016|agency=Reuters|publisher=Reuters UK|date=20 June 2007}}
2. ^¹{{cite news |last1=Strong|first1=Gavin|title=Mexico City's Fraying 'Pax Mafiosa'|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/riskmap/2013/10/15/mexico-citys-fraying-pax-mafiosa/ |accessdate=17 August 2016|agency=Control Risks|work=Forbes|date=15 October 2013}}
3. ^{{cite news|last1=Vulliamy|first1=Ed|title=Joaquín 'Chapo' Guzmán: the Mexican drug lord adept at playing the system|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/22/joaquin-guzman-mexican-drug-lord|accessdate=17 August 2016|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=22 February 2014}}
4. ^¹²³{{cite news|last1=Sample|first1=Kirsten|title=Beware of the Pax Mafioso |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/04/15/beware-of-the-pax-mafioso/ |accessdate=17 August 2016|work=Foreign Policy|date=15 April 2014}}
5. ^¹{{cite news|last1=Winslow|first1=Don|title=El Chapo and the Secret History of the Heroin Crisis|url=http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a46918/heroin-mexico-el-chapo-cartels-don-winslow/|accessdate=17 August 2016|work=Esquire|date=9 August 2016}}
6. ^{{cite news|last1=Vulliamy|first1=Ed|title=Has 'El Chapo' turned the world's former most dangerous place into a calm city?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/mexico-drugs-cartel-joaquin-guzman|accessdate=17 August 2016|work=The Guardian|date=19 July 2015}}
7. ^{{cite journal|last1=W.|first1=T.|title=A pax narcotica?|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2011/01/mexicos_drug_wars|journal=Economist|accessdate=3 September 2016|date=2011-01-07}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Norton|first1=Adam David|title=The War on Drugs in Mexico: a failed state?|journal=Third World Quarterly|date=October 12, 2012|volume=33|issue=9|pages=1631–1645|doi=10.1080/01436597.2012.720837}}