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词条 Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
释义

  1. Background

  2. List of initiatives

      Indian central and state government initiatives    Indo-Pak initiatives in relation to Kashmir    Other  

  3. Commentary

  4. References

  5. Bibliography

  6. Further reading

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir includes confidence-building measures at a nation-state level between the governments of India and Pakistan, Track two diplomacy, as well as initiatives by non-governmental organisations (NGOs), institutes and individuals.[1][2][3] The main purpose of peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir is conflict prevention and reduction of hostilities in the Kashmir Valley.[2]

Background

In 27 years, between 1990 and 2017, insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir has claimed a total of 41,000 lives (14,000 civilians, 5,000 security personnel and 22,000 militants) according to government figures made available in 2017.[4] India and Pakistan have also fought three wars in Kashmir during 1947–1948, 1965 and the Kargil War in 1999.[5][6][7]

List of initiatives

Indian central and state government initiatives

  • The People's Democratic Party (PDP) government's ‘healing touch’ policy between 2002 and 2005 included freeing jailed militants, reducing operations by the security forces, increasing free movement of people by reducing police checks, all part of initiatives aimed at pushing forward a more "humane approach" by the administration, especially the security forces.[8][9][10] Mufti Mohammad Syed, a chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir said that Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee had supported the healing touch policy.[11] Mehbooba Mufti, the ninth Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, tried to revive the "healing touch" policy during her term (2016–2018), with initiatives such as the withdrawal of FIRs against over 9,700 youth and cash compensations for pellet victims.[12] The cases withdrawn were related to people involved in stone-pelting incidents in the region between 2008 and 2017.[13]
  • In 2010, the Omar Abdullah government introduced the "surrender and rehabilitation policy", allowing former militants who had crossed the Line-of-Control into Pakistan, to come back to India. Over 400 militants utilised the policy.[14][15]
  • "Valley-centric" approaches have resulted in discontent among other communities in the region such as Ladhaki Buddhists. Formation of "Autonomous Hill Councils" in the Leh district and Kargil district have proven to be a successful peacebuilding initiative in this aspect according to Navnita Chadha Behera.[8] In September 2018, the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council was given more powers, making it "among the most autonomous councils" in India.[16]
  • Operation Sadbhavana in Jammu and Kashmir is an Indian Army initiative which involves welfare measures such as infrastructure development, medical care, women and youth empowerment, educational tours and sports tournaments among other initiatives.[17]

Indo-Pak initiatives in relation to Kashmir

  • The Karavan-e-Aman (Caravan of Peace), a bus service connecting Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir) and Muzaffarabad (Azad Kashmir), was started in 2005.[20] In 2006, a second bus line started between Poonch (Jammu and Kashmir) and Rawalakot (Azad Kashmir).[18][19] In 2008 trade started on these routes, opening Jammu and Kashmir's traditional trading centres to the west for the first time since 1947.[20] The trade is tightly regulated.[20] During times of heightened tension, the routes are closed, such as was the case from July to August 2016.[21]
  • The "Neemrana dialogue" was launched in 1991 as a track 2 initiative between India and Pakistan.[22] Due to the Mumbai attacks, Uri attack and the following 2016 Indian Line of Control strike, there were no official talks between the two countries until April 2018.[22] Topics discussed in the dialogue interaction in 2018 included Kashmir, Siachen conflict and the Line of Control situation.[23][24]

Other

  • Athwass, (Kashmiri for handshake), was an initiative by a south Asian think tank, Women in Security, Conflict Management and Peace (WISCOMP), in 2000, that brought together women from Kashmiri Pandit, Muslim and Sikh communities for the first time since the rise of militancy in the Kashmir valley in 1990.[25] WISCOMP also organises the "Kashmiri Women Writers Meet", aiming to bring together women from conflicting perspectives using literature.[26] On 23 March 2017, WISCOMP conducted a one-day dialogue on ‘Echoes and Resonances: Critical Challenges for Youth and Peace Building in Kashmir’.[27] WISCOMP is an initiative of the Foundation for Universal Responsibility of the Dalai Lama.[28]
  • Various NGOs in the region working on initiatives related to peacebuilding include the "Yakjah Reconciliation and Development Network" and the "Human Effort for Love and Peace (HELP) Foundation, J&K".[29][30]

Commentary

  • Kashmir and Kashmiris are sidelined in the rivalry between India and Pakistan, with the resolution of the Kashmir issue being seen in the context of Indo-Pak relations. As a result, the interests of the Kashmiris have been overshadowed.[31][32] Mohini Giri, in a short statement at the Human Rights Council in 2014, said that "Kashmiri civil society (not just the separatists) should be able to voice their aspirations at any negotiating table".[33][34]
  • According to Susheela Bhan who conducts "ethics and values based education" in government schools in Jammu and Kashmir, students from rural areas are most prone to violence, and "through education they can become important contributors to peace".[35] (Despite Jammu and Kashmir being the only state in India that provides free education at all levels, the average literacy in Jammu and Kashmir is lower than the national Indian average).[20]
  • According to an exploratory study by A Subramanyam Raju, first and second generation Indians want to get back Pakistan-administered Kashmir, but the third generation wants to "solve the issue peacefully and amicably".[36]
  • Tourism is often discussed in the context of Jammu and Kashmir as a peacebuilding measure.[1][37]

References

1. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR281.pdf|title=Tourism and Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir|last=Chari|first=P. R.|last2=Chandran|first2=D. Suba|date=July 2011|website=United States Institute for Peace|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921171421/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR281.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2018|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018|last3=Akhtar|first3=Shaheen}}
2. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Khanday|first=Firdous Ahmad|date=February 2015|title=Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir: An Effort by NGOs|url=http://euacademic.org/UploadArticle/1371.pdf|journal=European Academic Journal|volume=II| issue = 11|pages=14506–14513|via=}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/362706|title=Track-2 diplomacy on Kashmir under way|last=|first=|date=24 June 2004|website=DAWN|archive-url=http://archive.today/2018.12.30-190717/https://www.dawn.com/news/362706|archive-date=30 December 2018|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-anatomy-of-kashmir-militancy-in-numbers/story-UncrzPTGhN22Uf1HHe64JJ.html|title=41,000 deaths in 27 years: The anatomy of Kashmir militancy in numbers|last=Jacob|first=Jayanth|last2=Naqshbandi|first2=Aurangzeb|date=25 September 2017|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504154945/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-anatomy-of-kashmir-militancy-in-numbers/story-UncrzPTGhN22Uf1HHe64JJ.html|archive-date=4 May 2018|access-date=30 December 2018}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm|title=Indo-Pakistan War of 1965|last=|first=|date=|website=Global Security|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233204/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm|archive-date=31 December 2018|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/all-you-need-to-know-about-kargil-war/kargil-vijay-diwas/slideshow/59772216.cms|title=Kargil War: All you need to know about Kargil War|last=|first=|date=26 July 2018|website=The Economic Times|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html|title=A brief history of the Kashmir conflict|last=|first=|date=24 September 2001|work=The Telegraph|access-date=30 December 2018|issn=0307-1235}}
8. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.prio.org/Publications/Publication/?x=7088|title=Conflict, governance and peacebuilding in Kashmir – PRIO|last=Behera|first=Navnita Chadha|date=2013|website=Peace Research Institute Oslo|archive-url=http://archive.today/2018.12.30-181525/https://files.prio.org/Publications/COREPolicyBrief-10-2013/files/assets/basic-html/index.html%231|archive-date=30 December 2018|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20021209-pdps-healing-touch-policy-on-firing-line-as-jammu-attacks-put-congress-on-defensive-793936-2002-12-09|title=PDP's healing touch policy on firing line as Jammu attacks put Congress on defensive|last=Vinayak|first=Ramesh|date=9 December 2001|website=India Today|archive-url=http://archive.today/2018.12.30-181938/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20021209-pdps-healing-touch-policy-on-firing-line-as-jammu-attacks-put-congress-on-defensive-793936-2002-12-09|archive-date=30 December 2018|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
10. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/mufti-s-healing-touch-policy-changed-jk-s-security-scenario/206385.html|title=Mufti’s ‘healing touch’ policy changed JK’s security scenario|last=Yusuf|first=Shabir Ibn|date=7 January 2016|work=Greater Kashmir|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=http://archive.today/2018.12.30-183524/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/mufti-s-healing-touch-policy-changed-jk-s-security-scenario/206385.html|archive-date=30 December 2018}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/vajpayee-advani-endorsed-pdps-healing-touch-policy-mufti/578801|title=Vajpayee, Advani endorsed PDP's healing touch policy: Mufti|last=PTI|first=|date=8 June 2008|website=Outlook India|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/jammu-kashmir-cm-back-with-healing-touch-slogan-as-she-sanctions-cash-relief-for/307373|title=Jammu & Kashmir CM Says She Will Describes Withdrawal Of FIRs Against 9700 Youths As Major Humanitarian Gesture,|last=Outlook Monitoring Bureau|first=|date=25 January 2018|website=Outlook India|archive-url=http://archive.today/2018.12.30-184053/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/jammu-kashmir-cm-back-with-healing-touch-slogan-as-she-sanctions-cash-relief-for/307373|archive-date=30 December 2018|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jk-govt-okays-withdrawal-of-stone-pelting-cases-against-9730-people/articleshow/62768757.cms|title=J&K govt okays withdrawal of stone-pelting cases against 9,730 people|last=|first=|date=3 February 2018|website=The Times of India|others=PTI|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=5 January 2019}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bharatiya-janata-party-demands-scrapping-of-surrender-rehabilitation-policy/59019/|title=Bharatiya Janata Party demands scrapping of ‘surrender, rehabilitation policy’|last=PTI|first=|date=31 March 2015|website=The Financial Express|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2011/05/16/are-kashmiri-militants-ready-to-return-home-from-pakistan/|title=Are Kashmiri militants ready to return home from Pakistan?|last=Mushtaq|first=Sheikh|date=16 May 2011|website=Reuters|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
16. ^{{Cite news|url=https://greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/ladakh-hill-council-gets-more-fiscal-administrative-powers/297718.html|title=Ladakh Hill Council gets more fiscal, administrative powers|last=|first=|date=27 September 2018|work=Greater Kashmir|access-date=}}
17. ^Dr. Arpita Anant. (2011) [https://idsa.in/system/files/OP_CounterinsurgencyKashmir.pdf Counterinsurgency and "Op Sadhbhavana" in Jammu and Kashmir]. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses New Delhi.
18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/150371/intra-kashmir-bus-service-completes-six-years/|title=Intra-Kashmir bus service completes six years|last=Mughal|first=Roshan|date=16 April 2011|website=The Express Tribune|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Poonch-Rawalkot-bus-service-from-June-19/articleshow/1513929.cms|title=Poonch-Rawalkot bus service from June 19 | last=PTI|first=|date=3 May 2006|website=The Times of India|archive-url=http://archive.today/2018.12.30-194955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Poonch-Rawalkot-bus-service-from-June-19/articleshow/1513929.cms|archive-date=31 December 2018|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
20. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b106-steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first.pdf|title=Steps Towards Peace: Putting Kashmiris First|last=|first=|date=3 June 2010|website=International Crisis Group|archive-url=http://archive.today/2018.12.30-195239/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b106-steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first.pdf|archive-date=31 December 2018|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cross-loc-travel-and-trade-to-resume-on-srinagar-muzzaffarabad-route/articleshow/59898353.cms|title=Cross-LoC travel and trade to resume on Srinagar-Muzzaffarabad route|last=PTI|first=|date=3 August 2017|website=The Times of India|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
22. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/neemrana-dialogue-india-pakistan-track-ii-initiative-dialogue-just-another-case-of-optics/1158357/|title=Neemrana dialogue: India-Pakistan Track II initiative dialogue, just another case of optics?|last=Shreyas|first=Ananth|date=7 May 2018|website=The Financial Express|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=5 January 2019}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-pakistan-revive-track-ii-diplomacy|title=India, Pakistan Revive Track II Diplomacy|last=Hussain|first=Sajjad|date=2 May 2018|website=The Wire|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=5 January 2019}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/re-start-of-india-pakistan-track-ii-dialogue-a-political-message-say-sources-1224590-2018-05-02|title=Re-start of India-Pakistan track II dialogue a 'political message', say sources|last=Mohan|first=Geeta|date=2 May 2018|website=India Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=5 January 2019}}
25. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QuCGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&lpg=PA65&dq=ATHWASS+Women+in+Security,+Conflict+Management+and+Peace&source=bl&ots=RrY4urwDmx&sig=AKCmNNGNYhAAhoscGxoP0yhsoY0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ0bSy6MffAhVJPo8KHRKCDV4Q6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=ATHWASS%20Women%20in%20Security,%20Conflict%20Management%20and%20Peace&f=false|title=Women in Peace Politics|last=Banerjee|first=Paula|publisher=SAGE Publications India|year=2008|isbn=9788178299686|location=Delhi|pages=65|language=en}}
26. ^{{Cite web|url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/ashima-kaul|title=Ashima Kaul|date=|website=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs at Georgetown University|language=en|archive-url=http://archive.today/2018.12.30-210337/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/ashima-kaul|archive-date=31 December 2018|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
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28. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/wiscomp-saahas-awards-honours-youth-countering-violence-against-women-1670375|title=WISCOMP Saahas Awards Honour Youth Countering Violence Against Women|last=|first=|date=16 March 2017|website=NDTV|others=Edited by Shihabudeen Kunju S|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504064744/https://www.ndtv.com/education/wiscomp-saahas-awards-honours-youth-countering-violence-against-women-1670375|archive-date=4 May 2017|dead-url=|access-date=4 January 2019}}
29. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/kashmir/peacebuilding-organisations/yakjah/|title=Yakjah Reconciliation and Development Network|last=|first=|date=December 2018|website=Peace Insight|archive-url=http://archive.today/2018.12.30-210710/https://www.peaceinsight.org/conflicts/kashmir/peacebuilding-organisations/yakjah/|archive-date=31 December 2018|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}
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36. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.rcss.org/publication/policy_paper/ps_18.pdf|title=Third-Generation Indian Perceptions of the Kashmir Issue|last=Raju|first=A Subramanyam|publisher=Regional Centre for Strategic Studies|year=April 2001|isbn=9558051209|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|pages=}}
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Bibliography

  • Crisis Group Asia Briefing (3 June 2010). [https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b106-steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first.pdf Steps Towards Peace: Putting Kashmiris First]. International Crisis Group. (Islamabad/Brussels). Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. [https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/kashmir/steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first Overview] accessed on 31 December 2018.
  • International Crisis Group (24 June 2004). [https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/79-india-pakistan-relations-and-kashmir-steps-toward-peace.pdf India/Pakistan Relations and Kashmir: Steps Toward Peace]. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20180724012923/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/79-india-pakistan-relations-and-kashmir-steps-toward-peace.pdf original] on 31 December 2018.
  • Javeed Ahmad Bhat (2016). The Role of Non Governmental Organisations in Peace building in Kashmir Since 1990. Aligarh Muslim University. Chapter 5 archived from the original on 31 December 2018.

Further reading

  • Sandra Pogodda, Daniela Huber (2014). "India's Peacebuilding between Rights and Needs: Transformation of Local Conflict Spheres in Bihar, North-East India and Jammu and Kashmir?", International Peacekeeping, 21:4, 443–463, Taylor and Francis.
  • "[https://c-r.org/downloads/Vision%202020%20Kashmir.pdf Vision 2020: Shared values and ideas for the future by young people in Jammu and Kashmir"]. Conciliation Resources. December 2016. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20180416001403/https://c-r.org/downloads/Vision%202020%20Kashmir.pdf original] on 16 April 2018.
  • Verghese Koithara (2004). [https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Crafting_Peace_in_Kashmir.html?id=mPiTaeny1sMC&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Crafting Peace in Kashmir: Through A Realist Lens]. Sage Publications.
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}{{Kashmir conflict}}{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}{{Anti-war}}

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