| 词条 | PEN Centre Germany |
| 释义 |
WorkPEN Centre Germany upholds the objectives of PEN International in protecting the freedom of intellectual expression throughout the world. PEN Centre Germany supports two main programmes: Writers in Prison[2] and Writers in Exile.[3] Founded in 1999, Writers in Exile is a programme supporting international writers who are given the opportunity to live and work in safety, with accommodation provided in Berlin, Cologne, Hamburg and Munich together with living expenses. Since 1985 PEN Centre Germany has awarded the Hermann Kesten Medal for outstanding services to persecuted authors. PEN Centre Germany is also a participant in the annual Writers for Peace Committee founded in 1984. History of PEN Centre GermanyWeimar RepublicThe German branch of International PEN was founded in 1924 under the direction of Ludwig Fulda. This was supported by the founding president of PEN, John Galsworthy. PEN Centre Germany arranged its first international conference in Berlin in 1926 and the organisation flourished until the rise of National Socialism.[4] Under National SocialismIn 1933 the then president, Alfred Kerr fled into exile as soon as the National Socialists took power and in January 1935, under difficult political circumstances, PEN Centre Germany became known as the Union of National Writers. This organisation was supportive of National Socialism and heavily criticised by PEN International for its failure to condemn the burning of books by the Nazis in 1933. In response to these circumstances, in 1934 a PEN centre was set up for German writers in exile based in London, with Heinrich Mann as President.[5] After World War IIIn 1948 PEN Centre Germany was re-founded in Göttingen. Soon afterwards, when East and West Germany were created as separate states in 1949, PEN split into two organisations to reflect the new political reality. This split continued until after German Reunification and a united PEN Centre Germany was finally established in 1998.[6] Web linkPEN-Zentrum Deutschland Web Site[1] References1. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.pen-deutschland.de/en/|title=PEN-Zentrum Deutschland {{!}} Das PEN-Zentrum Deutschland ist eine der weltweit über 140 Schriftstellervereinigungen, die im Internationalen PEN vereint sind.|website=www.pen-deutschland.de|language=en-US|access-date=2017-02-27}} 2. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.pen-deutschland.de/en/themen/writers-in-prison/|title=Writers-in-Prison / Writers-at-Risk|work=PEN-Zentrum Deutschland|access-date=2017-02-27|language=en-US}} 3. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.pen-deutschland.de/en/themen/writers-in-exile/|title=Writers-in-Exile|work=PEN-Zentrum Deutschland|access-date=2017-02-27|language=en-US}} 4. ^Fischer, Ernst: Das Zentrum in der Weimaer Republik. In: Dorothée Bores, Sven Hanuschek (Eds.): Handbuch PEN. Geschichte und Gegenwart der deutschsprachigen Zentren. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/ Boston 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-11-026067-0}}, pp. 76, 120 5. ^Peitsch, Helmut : Versuchte Gleichschaltung durch das NS-Regime, die Auflösung und Flucht ins Exil (1933-1945). In: Dorothée Bores, Sven Hanuschek (Eds.): Handbuch PEN. Geschichte und Gegenwart der deutschsprachigen Zentren. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/ Boston 2014. {{ISBN|978-3-11-026067-0}}, p. 142 6. ^Sven Hanuschek: P.E.N. Die internationale Schriftstellervereinigung. Ihre deutsche Geschichte. Ihre Aufgaben. S. 8–33. Exhibition catalogue, Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin 2011 4 : International PEN centers|German writers' organisations|Freedom of expression organizations|Organizations established in 1999 |
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