| 词条 | Ajita Kesakambali |
| 释义 |
Ajita Kesakambali ({{lang-sa|अजित केशकंबली}}; {{zh|c=阿耆多翅舍欽婆羅|p=Ā-qí-duō chì-shě-qīn-pó-luó}}) was an ancient Indian philosopher in the 6th century BC.[1] He is considered to be the first known proponent of Indian materialism, and forerunner to the Charvaka school. He was probably a contemporary of the Buddha and Mahavira. It has frequently been noted that the doctrines of the Lokayata school were considerably drawn from Ajita's teachings. There is no evidence{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} to support that Kesamkambali was a hedonist because he led a very simple life. He wore a garment made of hair and lived an ascetic life style. He did not wear precious ornaments, did not surround himself with beautiful women, and did not live in gluttony. Hedonism was used as a "straw man" argument by opponents of Charvaka. Philosophy{{PaliCanonSamanaViews}}Like those of Lokayatins, nothing survives of Ajita's teachings in script, except some scattered references made by his opponents for the sake of refutation. Thus, due to the nature of these references, the basic framework of his philosophy has to be derived by filtering out obscure legends associated with him. From Buddhist sourcesAccording to a Buddhist legend{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}, Ajita wore a blanket of human hair (Kesakambali in Sanskrit means "with the hair blanket"), "which is described as being the most miserable garment. It was cold in cold weather, and hot in the hot, foul smelling and uncouth".[2] Ajita means "unconquered" which implies that he was very argumentative.[3] According to an early Buddhist source{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}, Ajita Kesakambali argued that:
According to the Brahmajala Sutta, Ajita propounded Ucchedavada (the Doctrine of Annihilation after death) and Tam-Jivam-tam-sariram-vada (the doctrine of identity of the soul and body), which denied the separate existence of an eternal soul.[2] The extent to which these doctrines, which were evidently inherited by Lokayata, were found contemptible and necessary to be refuted in the idealist, theist and religious literature of the time is a possible evidence of their popularity and, perhaps also, their philosophical sophistication. Modern interpretationsDD Kosambi, who elsewhere[5] calls Ajita a proto-materialist, notes[6] that he "preached a thoroughgoing materialist doctrine: good deeds and charity gained a man nothing in the end. His body dissolved into the primary elements at death, no matter what he had or had not done. Nothing remained. Good and evil, charity and compassion were all irrelevant to a man's fate." See also
Notes1. ^{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/govind-pansare-mm-kalburgi-gauri-lankesh-murder-5316465/|title=Indian rationalism, Charvaka to Narendra Dabholkar}} 2. ^1 Bhaskar (1972){{Page needed|date=September 2010}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=David J. Kalupahana|title=Ethics in Early Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEN2-KyI4f4C&pg=PA18|accessdate=6 September 2013|date=January 1995|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1702-2|page=18}} 4. ^See: Rhys-Davids.T.W: Dialogues of the Buddha, 1899 quoted in Chattopadhyaya (1964/1993) pp.194 5. ^DD Kosambi (1956){{Page needed|date=September 2010}} 6. ^DD Kosambi (1965){{Page needed|date=September 2010}} References
4 : 6th-century BC Indian philosophers|Ancient Indian materialist philosophers|Atheist philosophers|Indian materialists |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。