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词条 People of the Red Orchestra
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  1. A

  2. B

  3. C

  4. D

  5. E

  6. F

  7. G

  8. H

  9. I

  10. J

  11. L

  12. M

  13. N

  14. O

  15. S

  16. T

  17. U

  18. Literature

  19. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}

This list includes the participants, associates and helpers of the resistance groups, which were designated by the Gestapo with the collective term Red Orchestra ({{lang-de|Die Rote Kapelle}}) or the Red Chapel as it was known in Germany, and included the persons who were arrested by the Gestapo. As the SS-Sonderkommando also took action against information networks within Switzerland, people who worked there are included here.[1]


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A

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Robert Abshagen(1911-1944)Insurance employee, sailor and construction workerKPD, Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group19 October 1942 in HamburgSentenced to death by the Volksgerichthof on 2 May 1944. Beheaded in Hamburg on 10 July 10, 1944The group that Abshagen was part of was created by Anton Saefkow.[2]
Vera AckermannMilitant communist.Encrypted communications prior to transmission and handed the ciphered text to the Sokol's, who were radio operators, for transmission to the SovietsTrepper Group.Escaped being arrested[3] ({{Google books|9WOFWCdWrn8C|Partial Preview}})
Maurice Aenis-HaenslinKPD, Liaison between Henry Robinson and Rachel Dübendorfer for the Rote Drei in GenevaRote Drei GroupReal person was never identified as name was identified through radio traffic. The name fitted two individuals but other facts didn't. [4]
Bernhard Almstadt(1897-1944)Managing director of the Arbeiter-Sport-VerlagCourier, participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front)KPD12 July 1944 and sentenced to death on the 19th.Executed on 6 November 1944 in the Brandenburg-Görden penitentiary
Leonid Abramovich Anulov(1897-1974)Soviet agentOrganizer of the Rote Drei in Switzerland.Recalled to the Soviet Union in 1938, received the Order of Lenin and released from office. He was then arrested under Soviet law § 436 and sentenced to 15 years at a work education detention camp[4][5]
Rita Arnould(1914–1943)HousewifeCourierTrepperRue des Atrebates 101, Brussels on December 13, 1941Death sentence on April 1943[6]

B

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Bernhard Bästlein(1894-1944)Precision mechanicBuilt the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group, KPDHarnack Group30 May 1944 and sentenced to death on 5 September18 September 1944 beheaded with the hatchet[7]
Robert Barth(1910-1945)TypesetterCommunist and Parachute agentSchulze-Boysen GroupArrested October 1942Landed with Albert Hoessler.[8]
Arnold Bauer(1909–2006)WriterKPD, Schulze-Boysen GroupSurvived the war
Marianne BaumHerbert Baum Group
Carl Baumann(1912–1996)ArtistSchulze-Boysen GroupSurvived the war
Anna Becker11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration campThe mother of Ernst Beuthke brother, Friedrich Fritz Beuthke wife who was known Charlotte. Killed as one of the seven members by what the Nazi's called Sippenhaft, where they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge, when a Red Orchestra member was discovered.[10]
Emil Becker11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration campThe father of Ernst Beuthke brother, Friedrich Fritz Beuthke wife who was known Charlotte. Killed as one of the seven members by what the Nazi's called Sippenhaft, where they were inclined to kill the whole family in revenge, when a Red Orchestra member was discovered.[9]
Karl Behrens(1909–1943)Tool designerBlack Front, then KPD. Harnack Group16 September 1942Killed on 13 May 1943 Plötzensee Prison
Clare Behrens(1915-2011)TailorSurvived the warWife of Karl Behrens
Hanna Berger(1910–1962)Teacher, director, theatre directorEnabling subversive communist gatherings in her homeKPD, Schulze-Boysen Group1942, suspected of preparing to commit high treason and sentenced to two years in concentration camp, but was acquitted after several months on 21 August 1943.Survived the war[10]
Liane Berkowitz(1923–1943)StudentTaking part in the leafletting against The Soviet ParadiseSchulze-Boysen GroupArrested on 26 September 1942Executed on 20 January 1943 at Plötzensee Prison[11]
Sergei BessonovForeign Intelligence Unit of the Soviet Embassy in BerlinCreated the Harro Schulze-Boysen GroupConvinced Harnack to work for the Soviets.
Maurice Beublet4 December 1942 in Brussels28 July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison
Leon Beurton(1914–1997)Soviet agentChief cipher expert for Alexander Radó. Trained by Ursula Hamburger in WT procedures.Rote Drei GroupSurvived the warMarried to Ursula Kuczynski.[4]
Anna Beuthke(1883-1943)Mother of the Beuthke familyKPD, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Also called Garden Friends.Arrested 11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp[12]
Ernst Beuthke(1903–1943)No profession, Warehouse man. Only son of the Beuthke family who held no profession.Anti-Fascist fighter in Spain, and Germany fighting the SA.KPD, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony. Also called Garden Friends. Parachutist from Moscow. Hid in Charlotte Hundt's on arrival.Arrested with his wife after returning from the USSR and exposing himself in the Little Moscow garden colony.11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration campKilled along with seven members of his family.[13]
Friedrich Fritz Beuthke(1906–1943)Welder. Youngest son of the Beuthke family.KPD member, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony.11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration campBeuthke [14]
Richard Beuthke(1880-1943)Servant and turner. Father of the Beuthke family.KPD member, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony.11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp[15]
Walter Beuthke(1904-1943)Precision mechanic. Second eldest son of the Beuthke family.KPD member, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony.11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp[16]
Charlotte Beuthke(1909-1943)KPD member, Communist. Member of the Little Moscow garden colony.11 August 1943 in the industrial yard of the Sachsenhausen concentration campMarried to Walter Beuthke.[17]
Charlotte Bischoff(1901–1994)AccountantKPD, participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere FrontIn contact with the Saefkov-Jacob-Bästlein and Robert Uhrig Group.Survived the war
Kurt Bietzke(1894–1943)PainterKPD co-founder. Procured illegal quarters, got passports, money and ration cards.Tucholla group, Red Mountain ClimbersSentenced to death by the People's Court (Germany) on July 194217 August 1943 in Plötzensee Prison[18]
Heinz BirnbaumHerbert Baum group
Herbert Bittcher(1908–1944)ForemanSPD. Later became a communist and joined the KPDBästlein-Jacob-Abshagen GroupArrested by GestapoOn 1 January 1944 sentenced to death for the preparation for high treason. Executed on January 1944 in the Brandenburg-Görden PrisonJoseph Blumsack
Joseph BlumsackCourierTrepper GroupSurvived the warMarried to Renee Clais.
Georges Blun(1893-?French journalist from Le MondeSoviet agentRote Drei Group. Directed small Blun network of six people in Swizerland.Codename Long. Secrets offered by Blun couldnt match the quality of the Lucy secrets, but still an very important member of the Red Three Group. [19]
Karl Böhme(1914-1943)Commercial clerkTried to organise the repair of the radio located at Hans CoppiSchulze-Boysen Group23 October 1942 in BerlinOn 21 August 1943 to eight years in prisonWife was Margarete Böhme, who was also picked up by the Gestapo and killed
Anton BörnerUpholsterer, Soviet agentSoviet parachutistKPDCaptured by the Gestapo upon landing.
Wilhelm BöschDied 10 April 1945LocksmithCollected money and food for persecuted colleagues.KPD, AEG turbine factory group21 March 1945 sentenced to death by Berlin Superior courtMurdered in Plötzensee Prison on 10 April 1945[20]
Hermann Böse(1871–1943)Music teacher and conductorKPD, Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen GroupSent to the KZ Mißler concentration camp[21]
Paul Böttcher(1891–1975)Communist politician, MP, JournalistPassed information between Christian Schneider and Alexander RadóTrepper and Rote Drei groups1933 taken into 10 months protective custody by the Nazi's, released and emigrated to SwitzerlandSurvived the war
Margrit Bolli(1919–2017)DancerRadio operatorRote Drei13 October 1943 and sentenced 10 months in prisonSurvived the war
Cato Bontjes van Beek(1920–1943)Artist.Distributed illegal writings and leafletsSchulze-Boysen Group20 September 194218 January 1943 sentenced to death for high treason and guillotined. A personal clemancy to Hitler was refused.[22]
Mietje Bontjes van Beek(1922–2012)Artist and authorSchulze-Boysen GroupSurvived the war
Jan Bontjes van Beek(1899–1969)Ceramist and SculptorSchulze-Boysen Group20 September 1942 in BerlinSurvived the war
Elsa Boysen(1883-1963)Schulze-Boysen Group26 September 1942Survived the war
Walter Bremer(1904-1995)Surveying student and Police officerHelped produced the Die Innere Front newspaperSurvived the war
Robert BreyerPainter and illustratorTrepper Group25 November 1942 in ParisHanged in July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison
Cay von Brockdorff(1915–1999)SculptorSchulze-Boysen groupArrested in 1943 on the Eastern Front sent to a StrafbataillonSurvived the war[23]
Erika Gräfin von Brockdorff(1911–1943)Office workerradio experimenter, used own house as communication centre for Hans CoppiSchulze-Boysen Group16 September 1942 arrested and sentenced to 10 years. Hitler turned penalty into death sentence13 May 1943, strangled with a rope attached to a meathook in Plötzensee Prison[24]
Eva-Maria Buch(1921–1943)Interpreter, bookseller and studenttranslation of individual pamphlets and the Die Innere Front newspaperSchulze-Boysen GroupArrested on 11 October 1942On 3 February 1943 sentenced by the Reichskriegsgericht to death for the preparation of a high-treasonous enterprise and because of enemy favoritism and executd in Plötzensee Prison[25]
Walter Budeus(1902–1944)MachinistBuilt illegal group in northern Berlin to report armaments production and to disseminate leaflets.Communist, former KPD member, Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein organizationFebruary 194221 August 1944 beheaded[26]
Hugo BuschmannIndustrialist. President of the Eternit AG, a construction materials companyWorked as an informat for Schulze-BoysenSchulze-Boysen GroupTravelled as Leo Buschmann.[27]

C

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Caspary/Caspari, see Vigier
Robert Christen25 November 1942 in Brussels
Di Pao Chen ChuPress attaché at the Chinese Embassy in BernGroup Pakbo
Joséphine ClaisMarch 1943 send to Breendonk prison camp.Died early 1945 in Ravensbrück concentration camp
Reneé ClaisCourierTrepper Group10 March 1945 in the Mauthausen concentration campWife of Joseph Blumsack
Suzanne Cointe(1905-1943)Piano teacher. Secretary to Alfred Corbin at SimexTrepper Group19 November 1942 in ParisJuly 1943 in Plötzensee Prison[28]
Frieda CoppiTailorHarnack Group12 September 1942 in BerlinMother of Hans Coppi
Hans Coppi(1916–1942)StudentDisributing phamplets, later establishing a radio link to the Soviet UnionWilhelm Schürmann-Horster group as part of Harnack Group, later Schulze-Boysen groupArrested on 12 September 1942 in BerlinDeath penalty 19 December 1942[29]
Hilde Coppi(1909–1943)ReceptionistKPDHarnack Group12 September 1942 in BerlinDeath penalty on 20 January 1943
Kurt CoppiHarnack Group12 September 1942 in Berlin
Robert Coppi(1882-1960)Painter specialising in lacquer and gildingKPDHarnack Group12 September 1942Father of Hans Coppi
Alfred CorbinManaging director of SimexTrepper Group19 November 1942 in Paris28 July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison
Denise Corbin25 November 1942Fresnes PrisonWife of Robert Corbin.
Marie Corbin26 November 1942Ravensbrück concentration camp
Robert CorbinNovember 19, 1942 in ParisDeath penalty on March 8, 1943Wife of Denise Corbin.
Fritz Cremer(1906–1993)Sculptor. Soldier between 1940 and 1944.CommunistSurvived the warWife of Hanna Berger, who although arrested as part of Schulze-Boysen Group, escaped in 1944.[30]

D

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Anton DanilowBelgian communist
Elizabeth Depelsner (1913-1998) Lawyer, feminist Intelligence officerBelgian CommunistJuly 1942Survived the war
Werner Dissel (1912-2003) Actor Volunteer into the Wehrmacht to betray them.Schulze-Boysen groupEscaped detectionSurvived the war
Martha Dodd (1908-1990) Writer Soviet agentHarnack group[31]
Charles Drailly(1901-?)Banker and then director of SimexcoRote Drei25 November 19424 January 1945 Mauthausen concentration camp[32]
Germaine Drailly(1899-?)Rote DreiArreted 26 November 1942 and deported to BerlinOn 13 May 1945, sentenced to death by the Reichskriegsgericht, escaped from custody during an air raid and survived.Married to Nazarine Drailly
Nazarin Drailly(1900-?)Helped to establish SimexcoManaging director of SimexcoRote Drei6 January 1943 Brussels.Tortured with dogs who ripped his legs to shreds and had to be amputated. 28 July 1943 in Plötzensee PrisonBrother of Charles Drailly. M [33]
Solange Drailly(1925-?)Rote DreiArrested as part of the Simexco round up by the Gestapo on November 1942.Released for lack of evidence. Survived the war.Daughter of Nazarin and Germaine Drailly
Rachel Dübendorfer(1900-1973)Secretary of International Labour OrganizationPolish Comintern representativeRote DreiSurvived the war.Code name was Sissy.[34]
Jutta Dubinsky(1917-1985)KPD/SEDWilhelm Schürmann-Horster group and later Hans Coppi group21 October 1942 in BerlinThe second senate of the People's Court sentenced on 21 August 1943 to eight years in prison. Survived the war.
Viktor Dubinsky(1912–1942)StudentKPD/SEDWilhelm Schürmann-Horster group and later Hans Coppi group26 October 1942 in Guben21 April 1943 sentenced to five years in prison for preparation of High Treason.
Jacques Duclos(1896-1975)PKF, Coordinator of the Resistance. Managed connections to MoscowTrepper groupSurvived the war[35]

E

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Modeste EhrlichTrepper GroupDecember 1942Sent to a concentration campBetrayed by Trepper to save his life.,[36] {{Google books|9WOFWCdWrn8C|Partial Preview}}
Erna Eifler(1908–1944)StenographerSoviet parachutistKPD, Communist agentArrested on 15 October 1942 in HamburgOn April 8 or June 7, 1944 shot dead in Ravensbrück concentration camp[37]
Charlotte Eisenblätter(1903–1944)Chief secretary in a large companyCreating leaflets and writing addresses.Robert Uhrig groupArrested in February 1942, she was sent to Ravensbrück concentration campOn the 10 July 1944, sentenced to death for preparing for high treason[38]
Horst von Einsiedel(1905–1947)Lawyer and economistKreisau groupWorked with Arvid Harnack in the 1930's to build a resistance group.
Ina Ender(1917–2008)Seamstress and eventually modelCourierSchulze-Boysen and Harnack Groups through Hans Coppi who ran the Coro GroupArrested September 1942In July 1943 sentenced to six years in prison by the Reichskriegsgericht for assisting to disintegrate the military forces (distributing leaflets). Ender survived the warMarried to Hans Lautenschläger
Alexander Erdberg(1909–1961)Foreign Intelligence Unit of the Soviet Embassy in BerlinActed as contact between Moscow and Harnack Schulze-Boysen GroupsRecruited Harnack Group, Created Schulze-Boysen GroupSurvived the war[39]

F

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Katharina Fellendorf(1884–1944)HousewifeMother of Wilhelm Fellendorf[40]
Wilhelm Fellendorf(1903–1944)Locksmith, driverCame to Germany in May 1942 with Erna Echeverria as a paratrooper to collect intelligence.Schulze-Boysen and Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group15 October 194228 October 1942 in Hamburg[40]
Heinrich Fomferra(1895–1979)Scouts of the GRU[41]
Alexander Foote(1905–1957)Radio operatorRadio operatorRote Drei Switzerland group working with Ursula Beurton then Alexander RadóIn November 1943 imprisoned by Swiss who picked up his radio by DF-ing it. Released September 1944Survived the warHad many code names.[42]
Karl Frank(1906–1944)Cabinetmaker and politicianKPD, produced papers and pamphlets attacking the Nazi regime, calling for acts of resistance.Uhrig GroupArrested in May 1942 and in June 1944, sent to the Sachsenhausen and Landsberg concentration camps.Executed on August 21, 1944 at the Brandenburg-Görden Prison.Frank was in the communist group that created resistance cells in factories around Berlin and Hamburg. The cells were coordinated by Robert Uhrig.

G

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Erwin Gehrts(1890–1943)Journalist, Colonel in LuftwaffeCommunist, Gehrts passed all his Luftwaffe documents and interesting events to Shulze-Boysen who passed some to Harnack.Shulze-Boysen Group9 October 1942Reichskriegsgericht announced death penalty 10 January 1943One of the most important members of the Shulze-Boysen Group.[43]
Walter Gersmann(1914-1942)GardenerKPD, Soviet Parachutist, Trained as an agent by the GRU and sent to Europe.Arrested at the same time with Wilhelm Trapp by the Gestapo on 18 or 19 May 1942, the day after parachuting from a plane near the village of Dittau. (Ossinovski kaliningrad chernyakhovsky)Executed at the end of 1942Betrayed members of the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group after being turned by the Gestapo after almost a year of captivity.
Selma Gessner–Bührer(1916–1974)Soviet agentWorking for Maria Josefovna Poliakova in Switzerland in 1936. Later worked for Rado in 1941.Rote Drei SwitzerlandSurvived the war[44]
Pierre Giraud(1914-1943)Trepper GroupDecember 1942 in ParisSuicide in early 1943 at Fresnes. Husband of Suzanne Giraud.[45]
Suzanne Giraud(1910-?)Custodian of a Wireless Telegraphy set located in Le Pecq. Worked as a courier transporting documents between the French communists and the Trepper Group.Trepper GroupArrested in 1942Possibly execute in 1942Wife of Pierre Giraud, who was recruited by Leon Grossvogel. Codename was Lucy and worked under the name of Lucienne Giraud Treppers connection to the French Communist Party.[46]
Robert Giraud(1906-1943)Treppers connection to French communists
Walter Glass(1989-1956)Pattern shop ownerHoused and fed Bernhard Bästlein with his daughters in 1944 at his own apartment5. July 1944VGH ruling on 1 November 1944, sentenced to four years in jail.Glass was the father of Lucie Nix and Vera Wulff.
Ursula Goetze(1916–1943)StudentApartment was used for a number of secret meetingsSchulze-Boysen and Harnack groups15 October 1942 in BerlinReichskriegsgericht announced death penalty for for conspiracy to

commit high treason and favouring the enemy on 18 January 1943

 [47][48]
Sarah Goldberg(1921-2003)Radio operator in Belgium. Recruited by Hermann Isbutzki.Possibly survived the Trepper, Sukolov and Jeffremov Group in Belgium and later definently transferred to work with Jewish partisans in Brussels.4 June 1943Deported to Germany and then Auschwitz concentration camp rescued 23 April 1945. Survived the war Later founding member of Belgian section of Amnesty International
Joseph GoldenbergArrested in early 1942Fort Breendonk concentration camp from September 1942 to March 1943, died there on 13 April 1943 following an "interrogation".Brother of Sarah Goldberg.
Herbert Gollnow(1911-1943)Consular Secretary, at the Federal Foreign OfficeLater, Leutenant in the Luftwaffe working as a Liaison officer from the Abwehr.One of the core members of Harnack Group.Arrested on 19 October 1942 in BerlinReichskriegsgericht announced death penalty for for conspiracy to commit high treason and favouring the enemy on 19 December 1942[49]
Otto Gollnow(1923-1944)Bank apprentice, soldier26 September 1942 in BerlinReichskriegsgericht announced death penalty for undermining the military, received a six year prison sentence.
Daan Goulooze(1901-1965)Director of the CPN.Liaison officer between CPN and the Communist International in Moscow. Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN).Radio operator for Hilda Group in NetherlandsArrested sometime in 1943Survived the warCodenames:[50]
Max Grabowski(1897-1981)ArtistParticipated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front)[51]
Otto Grabowski(1892-1961)Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Zeitung Neuköllner Sturmfahne (The Inner Front)
Herbert Grasse(1910-1942)PrinterKJVD, KPDParticipated in the productuction of the illegal paper, Zeitung Neuköllner SturmfahneArrested on 23 October 1942 in BerlinCommitted suicide
John Graudenz(1884-1942)Journalist, photographer, sales representativeIn charge of the technical aspects of the producing the AGIS leaflets. Later helped Schulze Boysen organise intelligence.Schulze Boysen Group12 September 1942 in BerlinReichskriegsgericht sentenced him to the death penalty on 19 December 1942 because of "preparation for high treason, enemy favor, destruction of the military force and espionage"[52]
Karin Graudenz(1884-1942)Schulze Boysen GroupDaughter of John Graudenz. Also called Karin Reetz after being married.
Silva Graudenz(1884-1942)Schulze Boysen GroupArrested on 12 September 1942 in BerlinDaughter of John Graudenz
Tony Graudenz(1884-1942)Press photographerSchulze-Boysen groupArrested on 12 September 1942 in BerlinReichskriegsgericht sentenced to three in prison on 12 February 1943 for listening to enemy transmitter and omission of an advertisement.
Manfred Von Grimm(1911-?)Worked for Polish intelligenceRote DreiArrested October 1942Survived the war. Became the Minister of Cultural Affairs in Lower Saxony.Codenamed Grau or Schmidt[53]
Adolf Grimme(1889-1963)Prussian Minister of Science, Art and EducationSent letters to university professors and distributed pamphletsHarnack groupAvoided the death penalty in 1943 by informing on the Red OrchestraSurvived the warFriends with Adam Kuckhoff.[58][58]
Maria GrimmeHarnack groupSurvived the warWife of Adolf Grimme. [54]
Anna GriottoOwn house used to hold meeting between Henri Robinson and Trepper Group membersTrepper Group Paris
Medardo Griotto(1901-1943)EngraverProduce fake documents, also operated a safe houseTrepper groupReichskriegsgericht sentenced him to death on March 1943.Executed on 28 July 1943 in Plötzensee Prison[55]
Leon Grossvogel(1904-1943/44)Electrician and managerWorked at Le Roi du Caoutchouc. Later created the Foreign Excellent Rain Coat Company with Jules JasparTrepper GroupArrested in 1943 by GestapoPossibly executed in Fresnes Prison, possibly survived the war.Husband of Jeanne Großvogel-Pesant[56]
Jeanne Großvogel-Pesant(1901-1943)Manager of ostend branch of Le Roi du CaoutchoucLater created the Foreign Excellent Rain Coat Company with Jules Jaspar and her husband.Trepper Grouparrested 25 November 1942executed on July 1943 in Plötzensee Prisonwife of Leon Großvogel.[57]
Malvina Gruber(1900-?)courier between Paris and BrusselsTrepper GroupArrested in Brussels on 12 October 1942.Protected by the Sonderkommando, used to discover other agents in Brussels and Paris. In August 1947 in prison in Belgium, later sentenced to 10 years imprisonment in February 1949 by court martial in Brussels, released December 1951.[58]
Wilhelm Guddorf(1902-1943)Journalist and writerCommnistImportant member of Harnack and Schulze-Boysen groupsArrested in 10 October 1942 and sentenced to death on February 1943Executed at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin on 13 May
Hilde Guddorf(1907-1980)Shorthand typistCommunistSurvived the war[59]
Anatoly Gurevich(1913-2009)Officer of the GRU and agentPetit chefReceived orders from Trepper. Rote Drei Group and Schulze-Boysen Group12 November 1942 in MarseilleReturned to Soviet Union, sent to Lubyanka prison, later deported to labour camp. Only rehabilitated in 1991[60]

H

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Ruthild Hahne(1910–2001)SculptorCommunist. House used as a meeting place. Worked on the Die Innere Front (The Internal Front)Harnack and Schulze-Boysen GroupsArrested on 21 August 1943. Sentenced to five years in prison. On February 1945 Hahne was able to escape from the women's prison in CottbusSurvived the warMoved to East Germany after the war and joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany.[61]
Rudolf Hamburger(1903–1980)ArchitectGRU, Red Army intelligence agent, Undertaking photographic jobsRote DreiSurvived the warCodename Rudi. First husband of Ursula Kuczynski, who was Sonia directing Switzerland groups.[62]
Edmond Hamel(1910-?)Trained as a wireless specialistTrained by Alexander Foote on WT operations and began transmitting to Moscow in March 1941Rote DreiLater 1942 arrested, served only five days as Swiss did not suspect who he was. In 1943 started transmitting for Rado.Sentenced in 1947 and imprisoned for nine months. Survived the war.[63]
Ernst HappachRan a duplicating machine in his apartment to duplicate AGIS leaflets created in part by John GraudenzShulze-Boysen GroupArrested in Berlin on 12 September 1942Spend two years in prison for failure to report a plan of high treasonRecruited by Libertas Schulze-Boysen
Arvid Harnack(1901–1942)Jurist, economistScientific expert in the Reich Economic Ministry.Formed the Harnack GroupArrested on 7 September 1942.Sentenced on 19 December 1942 by the Reichskriegsgericht to death. Hanged four days later at Plötzensee Prison[64]
Falk Harnack(1913–1991)Director and screenwriterLeaflettingHarnack Group, later joined White RoseArrested and acquitted on 19 April 1943. ON August 1943 he was removed from Wehrmacht and transferred to a penal battalion, the 999th Light Afrika Division. In December 1943 sent to a concentration camp but escaped.Survived the warBrother to Arvid Harnack
Mildred Harnack(1902–1943)Literary historian and translatorBrought together a discussion circle at home that created the Red OrchestraHarnack GroupArrested on the 7 September with her husband Arvid Harnack, when a radio message they had set had been read by Referat 12Initially given six years in prison, but Hitler ordered a new trial and she was sentence to death on 16 January 1943. She was executed on the same day.Mildred Harnack is the only member of the Red Orchestra whose burial site is known.[65]
Hilde Hauck(1905–1988)Administrator and intepreterKPDSurvived the warUnder the supervision of the Gestapo for the whole of the war period.
Hans Hausamann(1897–1974)Swiss author and intelligence officerProvided information to Czech Colonel Karel SedlacekDirected Bureau Ha, the unofficial autonomous Swiss intelligence centre, loosely attached to the official Swiss military intelligence.Survived the war[66]
Robert Havemann(1910–1982)Chemist and later East German dissidentKPD, founded the European Union resistance groupArrested in 1943.Fate was postponed several times until the Brandenburg-Görden Prison was liberated by the Red Army. Survived the war[67]
Wolfgang Havemann(1910-1982)Physical chemistCommunistCreated the European Union Resistance Group. Part of Harnack GroupArrested on 5 September 1943 by Gestapo.On 16 December 1943 sentenced to death by the People's Court and later had the sentence deferred several times by Wolfgang Wirth, a senior scientist from the Waffenamt.Survived the war
Horst Heilmann(1923–1942)Student and wireless operator. CryptanalystPassed secret communications from the Abwehr to the Group. Later tried to warn Shulze-Boysen when the GRU spy Johann Wenzel traffic was deciphered by Referat 12 and the Schulze-Boysen was exposed.Schulze-Boysen GroupSentenced to death on 19 December 1942. On 22 December 1942, executed by decapitation at Plötzensee Prison. Executed at the same time as Harro Schulze-Boysen.Recruited by Schulze-Boysen.[68]
Carl Helfrich(1906–1960)JournalistWorked in the Foreign Office, where Rudolf von Scheliha was Head of UnitHarnack and Schulze-Boysen GroupsSent directly to a concentration campSurvived the war
Bruno HempelLeafletting and pamphletingPart of Schulze-Boysen Group via Wilhelm Schürmann-HorsterArrested in spring 1943People's Court condemned him on 21 August 1943 to two years in prison.
Hans Henniger(1904–1944?)Luftwaffe inspector, later soldierAllowed John Graudenz to elicit information from him.Schulze-Boysen GroupArrested on 9 October 1942 in BerlinSentencing announced on 20 January 1943 "for disobedience in the field and surrendering a state secret", and sentenced to four years.[69]
Kurt Hess(1901-?)DentistLet John Seig use his dentists office to host illegal meetings. Communist.
Henrika HillbollingArrested in 19 August 1942 in Amsterdam.Sent to Fort Breendonk prison
Jacob HillbolingScout and CourierSent to Fort Breendonk prison. Executed in January 1943His wife Henrika Hillbolling was executed at the same time as Jacob.
Helmut Himpel(1907–1943)Electrical engineer, later became a dentistTreated Jewish patients free of charge.Distribution of pamphlets. Distributed the teachings of Galen, which cited the Aktion T4 that resulted in Hitler stopping the killing of mentally ill patients.Through John Graudenz meet Schulze-Boysen GroupArrested in 17 September 1942 in BerlinOn the 26 January 1943 Reichskriegsgericht sentenced Himpel to death because of preparation for high treason and enemy favoritism';One of the core group around Schulze-Boysen and fiance of Maria Terwiel.[70][71]
Walter HoffmannToolmakerTook part in discussion groups, listen to foreign broadcasts and distributing leaflets.Schulze-Boysen GroupVolksgerichtshof Volksgerichtshof sentenced him to a year in prison on August 21, 1943Personal friend of Harro Schulze-Boysen and Libertas Schulze-Boysen.
Karl Hofmaier(1897–1988)JournalistExpelled from the Swiss Communist Party. Joined the Social Democratic Party of SwitzerlandRote Drei GroupSurvived the warClose to Alexander Radó and Rachel Dübendorfer.[72]
Walter Homann(1906–1945)Locksmith and metal workerKPD.Worked at the AEG turbine factory helping his colleagues, who were later killed at the same time as him.AEG turbine factory GroupArrested 8 February 1945.Sentenced on 21 March 1945 and murdered on the day at Plötzensee Prison
Albert Hoessler(1910–1942?)LabourerKPD,On 5 August 1942 parachuted into Germany. NKVD intelligence agentSchulze-Boysen GroupMurdered September 1942 without trial.Codename Stein, Franz [73]
Margarete Hoffmann-ScholzTrepper Group via the small Basile Maximovitch GroupSentenced to six years in prison.Niece of the commander of Paris General Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel
Caroline HoorickxAssisted the Belgian network from 1939 to 1941. Courier for SukolovSukolov Group in BelgiumWife of Guillaume Hoorickx. [74]
Guillaume Hoorickx(1900-?)PaintedAgent of the Sukolov Group in Belgium between 1940-1942. Used own apartments for meetings.In early 1942, moved to Simexco to work as a courier.Sukolov Group and the Trepper GroupArrested on 28 December 1942. Repatriated to Belgium 2 June 1945.After the war tried to contact former Simexco people.Codename Bill. [75]
Arthur Hübner(1899–1962)During interwar period sent on missions to Europe for the General Staff of the Red Army. Acted as a ScoutSurvived the warPrecursor to the Red Orchestra
Emil Hübner(1862–1943)PoliticianWorked for Communist International from the 1920's. Arranged accommodation including his own house for Soviet parachutists.Arrested September 1942Sentenced to death in spring 1943. Executed on 5 August 1943 at Plötzensee PrisonWhole family including grandchildren were arrested and executed.
Max Hübner(1862–1943)German politicianKPD, worked with the Communist International. Trained as radio operators.Shulze-Boysen GroupArrested on 18 October 1942 in BerlinDeath penalty on 10 February 1943 "for aiding and abetting the preparation of a highly treacherous enterprise and espionage"Worked with Adam Kuckhoff, Wilhelm Guddorf and John Sieg.
Marie Hübner(1903–2001)Domestic servantThe Hübner were hated by the Nazis. Tried to warn the rest of Shulze-boysen Group when Erika von Brockdorff was arrested.Shulze-Boysen GroupSurvived the war.Became friends with Erika von Brockdorff. Married Wilhelm Hübner. [76]
Arlette Humbert-Laroche(1915-1945)French poet and secretary at an unemployed workers organisationDistributing leaflets to factories.Travelled between several groupsArrested January 1943Locked up in Fresnes Prison, then deported to Germany where she was sent to Ravensbrück camps, then to Mauthausen and later Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
Charlotte Hundt(1900-1943)Hosted the parachutist Ernst Beuthke at her house.Arrested on 17 May 1943 in WittenauExecuted on 11 August 1943 in the industrial house of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp
Marta Hüsemann(1913–1960)ActressKPD,Schulze-Boysen GroupIn November 1936 and the following March to June 1937 detained at the Moringen concentration camp. Arrested again on 19 September 1942 and sentenced to four years of prison and captured in 1945 by the Red Army.Survived the warHusband of Walter Husemann.
Walter Hüsemann(1909–1943)EditorWorked for the NKGBSchulze-Boysen GroupOn 9 September 1942, Husemann was arrested at this workplace. Sentenced to death on January 26, 1943, for "Preparation to high treason and aid for espionage" and executed at Plötzensee PrisonExecuted on 13 May 1943Codename Akim. Taught Hans Coppi the radio in 1941.[77]

I

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Else Imme(1885–1943)Retail managerCollected monies for persecuted fellow citizens. Distributed Soviet radio transmissions. Held illegal meetings in her apartment for the Schulze-Boysen groupSchulze-Boysen GroupArrested 18 October 1942. On 30 January 1943, Reichskriegsgericht senteced her to death for favoring the enemyOn 5 August 1943 executed at Plötzensee Prison
Hermann Isbutzki(1914-1944)Radio operator who was to build his own netwokrTrepper Group and later Jefremov GroupArrested on August 13, 1942 in BrusselsExecuted on July 1944 in Plötzensee Prison.Arrested when Jefremov, who was under German control betrayed him, and tortured for almost a year. Heinz Pannwitz used his name to conduct playbacks, i.e. maintaining the connection to Moscow.[78][79]

J

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Krystana Iwanowa Janewa|de|Krastana Janewa}}(1914-1944)Soviet agentShulze-Boysen, Harnack and Bästlein GroupsArested in late 1944. Taken to the Barnimstrasse Women's Prison in Berlin and later transferred to a prison in HalleJanewa died from ill treatment
Jean Baptiste Jeusseur(1898-?)ShoemakerCourierJeffremov GroupArrested October 1942Janssens died in Fort Breendonk concentration camp[86]
Jules Jaspar|de}}(1878–1963)Belgian ConsulDirector of Foreign Excellent Raincoat Company. Helped people persecuted by the Nazis.Trepper GroupArrested and sent to Mauthausem concentration campLiberated on May 1945. Survived the warIn 1942, helped establish Simexco in Marseille.[80]
Konstantin Lukitsch Jefremov|de|Konstantin Lukitsch Jefremow}}(1910-1943)Soviet Army Captain, engineer and chemical warfare expertSoviet agentWorked all over Europe, later built Jefremov Group in BelguimAgent active in Europe from 1936.[81]

L

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Otto Lang(1890-1945)Office worker. Also employed as an umbrella maker.SPDWorking in AEG factory, spreads foreign news and leaflets. Support families who have been persecuted by the Nazi's.Arrested on February 1945On 10 April 1945, murdered in Plötzensee Prison[82]
Fritz Lange(1898–1981)Teacher and soldierCo-editor of the Die Innere Front (The Inner Front)Bernhard Bästlein and Wilhelm GuddorfOn 8 October 1943 the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him to five years in prison "for aiding the high treason and enemy favoritism"Survived the war
Josef Lappe(1879–1944)Educator and municipal politicianSDP,Received note that the Nazis wanted to bring him to a concentration camp in 1944Survived and fled but died shortly from shinglesHeld a critical attitude of the Nazi's.
Hans LautenschlägerCommercial employee and union officialSchulze-Boysen groupArrested on 24 February 1943 on GuernseyReichskriegsgericht on 3 July 1943 for decomposition of the military force and preparation for high treason. The death penalty was never been carried out.Husband of Ina Lautenschläger.[83]
Ina Lautenschläger(1917-2008)née Ender, Photo modelCommunicated gossip that became intelligenceSchulze-Boysen groupArrested on 16 September 1942Survived the warMarried Hans Lautenschläger on September 14, 1936
Claire LegrandArrested on 30 November 1942 in Marseille by GestapoOn November 1944 sent to Auschwitz concentration campnee Jasper-Legrand
Willy Lehmann(1884–1942)Police officer, GestapoSoviet AgentWorked in the Office IV of the Reich Main Security Office.December 1942 discoveredShot without a trial[84]
Waldemar Lentz(1909-?)Referat 12, cryptanalyst, Sonkerkommando Pannwitz in ParisArrested on 5 September 1942 in Berlin and later releasedSurvived the warMembers of Referat 12 detached to Aussenstelle Paris.[85]
Wilhelm Leist(1899-1945)ToolmakerKPDFounded a resistance group at the AEG turbine factoryArrested on 7 March 1945 by the GestapoMurdered on 10 April 1945 at Plötzensee Prison[86]

M

N

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Eugen Neutert(1905-1943)ElectricianCourier, organizer, participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front)Schulze-Boysen Group then Uhrig GroupArrested on 23 October 1942 and sentenced to death in August 1943On 9 September 1943 he was hanged in Plötzensee Prison
Lucie Nix(1916-1991)Housed Bernhard Bästlein in 1944 when he fled after the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group was broken up.Harnack Group by associationArrested in 5 July 1944.Sentenced to 4 years in prison. Survived the warFather was Walter Glass. [87]
Léon Nicole(1887-1965)Communist organiserSpotter and recruiterRote DreiSurvived the war[88]
Pierre Nicol(1909-1987)Cutout between Léon Nicole Alexander Foote and Alexander Rado. Radio operatorRote DreiSurvived the warSon of Léon Nicole. [89]
Elsa Noffke(1905-1943)Publishing house employee.Soviet parachutist. Radio operatorRote DreiArrested by the Gestapo soon after being dropped by the RAF in April 1943Shot dead on 6-7 November 1943 in Ravensbrück concentration campSoviet Pickaxe agent.[90]

O

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Franz Obermanns(1909–1982)Soviet agentCommunistRote Drei GroupArrested in December 1939 in SwitzerlandSurvived the warSent to help the Rote Drei group but arrested and confined during the war.[91]
Waldemar Ozols(1898-?)Soviet agentCommunistOzols GroupCodename SOKOL Solja. Worked for Victor Sukolov. Leader of Ozols Group.[92]

S

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Willy Sachse(1896–1944)Precision mechanic, sailor and writerKPD Communist.Robert Uhrig GroupArrested February 1943On June 1944 he was sentenced to death for treason and carried out on 21 August 1944 in the Brandenburg-Görden PrisonLinked to Beppo Römer [93]
Klara Schabbel(1894–1943)Shorthand typistFounding members of the KPDWorked in the Communist International underground organisation in Germany.Arrested on 18 October 1942 in BerlinOn 20 January 1943 the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty because of enemy favoritism. She was executed on Plötzensee Prison.[94]
Leo SchabbelArrested on 11 March 1943Sentenced by the Reichskriegsgericht to 5 years in prison for knowing the activities of his mother, specifically Son of Klara Schabbel
Philipp Schaeffer(1894–1943)German Orientalist, librarian and sinologistSchulze-Boysen GroupArrested on 2 October 1942 in BerlinOn 6 February 1943, the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence in preparation for high treason in tate unity with enemy favoritism. Beheaded at Plötzensee Prison[95]
Ilse Schaeffer(1899–1972)SculptorKPD, CommunistArrested on 2 October 1942 in ZernsdorfOn 6 February 1943,Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her for abetting treason in two cases to three years in prison
Friedrich Schauer(1913–2007)ArchitectTook part in the counter demonstration at the The Soviet Paradise including posting bills.Arrested on 23 October 1942 in BerlinOn 21 August 1943, sentenced to eight years in prison
Heinrich Scheel(1915–1996)Scharfenberg student, historianReplaced Hans Coppi and became very busy as a courier.Schulze-Boysen GroupArrested on September 16, 1942 in BerlinOn 17 February 1943, Reichskriegsgericht sentenced him for for non-disclosure of a crime of treason and treason and enemy privileges to five years penitentiary time. Able to hide the truth from the Gestapo about his activities, thereby saving his life.[96]
Rudolf von Scheliha(1897–1942)Diplomat who worked at the German Foreign OfficeFurnished intelligence to Ilse Stoebe.Von Scheliha GroupArrested on 29 October 1942 in BerlinOn December 1942, the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence for treason[97]
Maria Louisa von SchelihaArrested on October 29, 1942 in BerlinWife of Rudolf von Scheliha
Lotte Schleif(1903–1965)LibrarianCourier, copying documents, using own apartment for meetings.KPD, Schulze-Boysen Group, Harnack GroupArrested on 18 September 1942 in BerlinOn 6 February 1943, the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced her on because of preparation for high treason to eight years in prisonMarried to Rudolf Bergtel.
Bodo Schlösinger(1908-1942)Interpreter and SoldierShot himself in a Russian farmhouse after learning of his wifes death. Husband of Rose Schlösinger.
Rose Schlösinger(1907–1943)Secretary at the Federal Foreign OfficeSPD. Forwarded encrypted messages from Arvid Harnack to the radio operator Hans Coppi.Harnack GroupArrested on September 18, 1942 in BerlinOn 20 January 1943 the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty[98]
Christian Schneider(1896–1962)Editor and translatorSwiss agent working with Hans Hausamann in Swiss Bureau Ha. Acted as a cutout between Rudolf Roessler (Lucy) and Rachel Dubendorfer (Sissy)Red Three GroupSurvived the warCodename Taylor. Later worked for UNESCO in 1948.[99]
Franz Schneider(1900-?)Courier and provided safehousesSwiss CommunistJefremov Group, Trepper Group, linked to the Harnack GroupArrested on October 1942 by the Gestapo and sent to Fort BreendonkReleased by the Russians at the end of the war. Survived the war and moved back to Zurich in 1947Codenamed Niggi and possibly Chimor, a courier for the Jefremov Group.[100]
Germaine Schneider(1903-1945)Radio operator and courierJeffremov Group sub-leader, Trepper Group, Lyons GroupArrested on January 31, 1943 in PariImprisoned until 30 November 1944 in Moabit Prison. Died of Cancer in 1945.Wife of Franz Schneider. Codenamed Clais, Pauline, Odette, Papillon and Schmeterling.[101]
Hertha Scholz(1889–1966)
Paul Scholz (Mahlow)(1882–1976)Construction contractorSchulze Boysen GroupArrested on 18 September 1942 in BerlinOn 30 January 1943 the Reichskriegsgericht condemned him "for listening to foreign broadcasters". Scholz received a three-year jail sentence
Oda Schottmüller(1905–1943)Dancer, mask maker and sculptorHosted a transmitter in her apartment, although not verified. Distributed pamphletsLosely associated with the Schulze-Boysen GroupArrested on 16 September 1942 in BerlinOn 26 January 1943 the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penalty for aiding and abetting the preparation of a treasonable enterprise and enemy favouritism.[102]
Hesekil Schreiber(1899-1943)Radio operatorTrepper Group, later Lyons GroupArrested in December 1942Codenamed Camille
Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster(1900–1943)ActorSchulze-Boysen GroupArrested on October 29, 1942 in ConstanceOn 21 August 1943, the 2nd Senate of the People's Court pronounced the death penalty .He was hanged in Plötzensee PrisonPart of Schulze-Boysen group through Hans Coppi.[103]
Hermann Schulz(1890–1942)Elementry school teacherSchulze-Boysen Group.Sent to the Neuengamme concentration camp and later committed suicide.Linked to the Uhrig group
Kurt Schulze(1894–1942)Post worker later naval radio operatorKPD communist. Soviet agent of the GRU. Kept an transmitter in his house.Schulze-Boysen Group, Harnack GroupArrested on 16 September 1942 in BerlinOn December 1942 the death penalty was announced by the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht[104]
Martha SchulzeArrested on 16 September 1942 in BerlinOn 20 January 1943 the second senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced a five-year prison sentence for for not displaying a crime.Wife of Kurt Schulze
Harro Schulze-Boysen(1909–1942)Journalist, later lieutenant in LuftwaffeCommunist since 1933. Forwarded intelligence to the NKGBSchulze-Boysen GroupArrested on 31 August 1942 in Berlin.Reichskriegsgericht announced on 19 December 1942 the death penalty and he executed on the 22nd.[105]
Libertas Schulze-Boysen(1913–1942)Received a Soviet Agent Alexander Erdberg and introducted him to Schulze-Boysen, that kickstarted the Schulze-Boysen GroupSchulze-Boysen GroupArrested on September 8, 1942 in BerlinOn 19 December 1943 the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penaltyWife of Harro Schulze-Boysen.[106]
Elisabeth Schumacher(1904–1942)Graphic designerDistributing phamplets and leaflets. Documenting Nazi crimes. Sending letters to prominent individuals.Schulze-Boysen GroupArrested on 12 September 1942 in BerlinOn 19 December 1942 the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penaltyWife of Kurt Schumacher.[107]
Kurt Schumacher(1905–1942)SculptorPublished a leaflet called "Open Letter to the Eastern Front, gelped an escaped prisoner and later housed the parachute agent, Albert Hößler in his apartmentSchulze-Boysen GroupArrested on 12 September 1942 in BerlinOn 19 December 1942 the 3rd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced on the death penaltyHusband of Elisabeth Schumacher.[108]
Otto Schumacher(1909-?)Book printerKPDJeffremov Group in 1942, later Lyons Group[109]
Henri SeghersShareholder in SimexcoArrested in 24 November 1942 in BrusselsDetainee in Breendonk, Mauthausen and Dachau concentration campPart of Sukolov Group but not aware of the groups activities.[110]
Auguste SéséePianistAgent and Radio specialistTrepper Group, later Sukolov Group and later still Jeffremov GroupArrested on 25 August 1942 and sent to Fort BreendonkBeheaded in Berlin on January 1944Worked in the Sukolov Group as an assistant to Mikhail Makarov. Betrayed by Maurice Peper.[111]
Ernst Sieber(1916–1994)Railroad workerCreated sticky notes to post on walls and steet lamps. Participated in the dissemination of the illegal paper, Die Innere Front (The Inner Front)Arrested on August 14, 1944 in KüstrinCharged in the People's Court for preparation for high treason,favoured by the enemy and war treason. Freed on 14 April 1945 in Bayreuth. Survived the war[112][113]
John Sieg(1903–1942)Railroad workerJournalist who published Nazi atrocities in the Die Rote Fahne The Red FlagKPD, Harnack Group through Adam KuckhoffArrested on 11 October 1942 in BerlinSieg committed suicide on 15 October 15, 1942 in the Gestapo headquarters Prinz-Albrecht-Straße[114]
Sophie Sieg(1893–?)Shorthand typistArrested on 12 October 1942 in BerlinIn June 1943, taken to Ravensbrück concentration camp and was released on 30 April 1945 by the Red ArmyWife of John Sieg.[114]
Leo SkrzypczynskiProprietor of a firm manufacturing Wireless Telegraphy components for the LuftwaffeHarnack GroupSurvived the war.Became a high-level official in the Soviet Zone but became disillusions with the Soviets and so started to pass secrets to the British Strategic Services Unit.[115]
Hersch Sokol(1908–1943)Polish physicianRadio operatorTrepper GroupArrested on 9 June 1942 near ParisTortured in Fort Breendonk and murderedHusband of Miriam Sokol.[116]
Miriam Sokol(1908-1943)[117]Help manage storing and distributing identity documents.Trepper GroupWife of Hersch Sokol. Sent to Fort Breendonk
Charles Spaak(1903–1975)Belgian screenwriterSurvived the warThe whole of the Spaak family was arrested on the orders of Heinz Pannwitz. Brother to Paul and Claude Spaak
Claude Spaak(1904-1990)Belgian author and husband of SuzanneSurvived the warHusband of Suzanne Spaak
Lucie Spaak(?-1944)Daughter of Suzanne Spaak.
Madeleine Spaak(1895-1944)Sister of Claude and Charles Spaak
Suzanne Spaak(1905–1944)HousewifeTyping and distributing leaflets. Later saved 60 Jewish children. Helped save Leopold Trepper.Trepper GroupArrested on 9 November 1943 in BrusselsIn January 1944, she was sentenced to death and shot dead in her cell on 12 August 1944Initially worked in the Fench resistance. Heinz Pannwitz wrote letter to Foreign Minister of the Belgian exile government in London to tell him that his sister-in-law had been taken to Germany for safety.[118][119]
Alexander Spoerl(1917–1978)Writer, film and radio authorKPD CommunistSchulze-Boysen GroupSurvived the warLinked at the start of the Schulze-Boysen Group through Libertas Schulze-Boysen.
Flora Van Springer(1909-1943)Lyons GroupArrested on 19 December 1942 near LyonSent to Plötzensee Prison where she was killed.Mistress of Isidor Springer. Real name, Flora van Vliet
Isidor Springer(1912-1942)Diamond dealerLiaison between Trepper and Gurevich. Leader of the Lyons GroupLyons Group, Trepper GroupBetrayed by Trepper. Committed suicide in 1942Had contacts with Belgian and US diplomats. Group codename was Romeo[120][121]
Gerhard Sredzki(1917–1988)KJVDSaefkow-Jacob-Bästlein OrganizationSurvived the warHusband of Gerda Sredzki. Son of Siegmund Sredzki
Gerda Sredzki(1917–1995)Machine workerKJVDSaefkow-Jacob-Bästlein OrganizationSurvived the warWife of Gerhard Sredzki
Ilse Stöbe(1911–1942)Employee of the Foreign Office, JournalistSoviet agent who worked for the GRUVon Scheliha GroupArrested on 12 September 1942 by the GestapoOn 14 December 1942, the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence for treason. Sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp where she died in 1943.(code name "Alta").[122]
Heinz Strelow(1915–1943)Journalist and later Non-commissioned officerKJVDLoose links to Schulze-Boysen Group via van BeekArrested 1 October 1942On 18 January 1943 the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death penaltyLover was Cato Bontjes van Beek in shared apartment.[123]
Victor Sukolov(1913-2009)Soviet agent.Sukolov GroupSurvived the warReal name Anatoly Gurevich. Codenames: Kent, Fritz, Arthus Barcza, Simon Urwith, Manolo, Dupuis, Lebrun) See name Table. G.
Hans Sussmann(1897–1985)Historian and politicianCreated anti-fascist and anti-war leafletsKPD, Communist. Linked to Shulze-Boysen Group via Walter KüchenmeisterSurvived the war

T

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Rosemarie (Maria) Terwiel(1910-1943)SecretaryWrote illegal leaflets and took part in attaching stickers at the Nazi propaganda exhibition, the The Soviet ParadiseSchulze-Boysen GroupArrested on 17 September 1942 in BerlinOn the 26 January 1943, the second senate of the Reichskriegsgericht announced the death sentence for the preparation of a treasonous enterprise and enemy favouritism and was executed in Plötzensee Prison[124]
Louis Thevenet
Fritz Thiel(1916-1943)Precision mechanicTook part in attaching stickers at the The Soviet ParadiseSchulze-Boysen GroupArrested on 16 September 1942 in BerlinOn 18 January 1943 the Reichskriegsgericht announced on the death penalty. He was executed on 13 May 1943 in Plötzensee Prison
Hannelore ThielArrested on 16 September 1942 in BerlinSurvived the warWife of Fritz Thiel
Wolfgang Thiess(1911-1943)ClerkCommunist. Designed leaflets and then distributed them. Painted slogans on walls.Schulze-Boysen and Harnack GroupsArrested on 21 October 1942Sentenced to death on 21 August 1943 by the People's Court for preparation for high treason
Edwin Tietjens(1894-1944)
Erhard Tohmfor(1909-1943)
Gertrud Tohmfor
Alfred Traxl(1912-1943)
Ella Trebe(1902-1943)
Leopold Trepper(1904-1982)
Felix Tucholla(1899-1943)
Kathe Tucholla(1910-1943)

U

People of the Red Orchestra
NameLifeEmploymentRote Kapelle PositionGroupArrestedFateNotes
Carl Uelze(1901–1985)MerchantCommunist, KPD. Organised resistance group at the Nordland Snow and Sliding Chain FactoryArrested on 1 December 1942. Released on 15 December 1942 as not identified to be part of the Red Orchestra by the GestapoSurvived the warHusband of Hildegard Uelze
Hildegard Uelze(1915–1967)Arrested along with here husband and Martin Weise.Released on 15 December 1942Survived the warWife of Carl Uelze
Robert Uhrig(1903–1944)ToolmakerKPD, contact with the Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization, the Schulze-Boysen and Harnack Groups through Wilhelm GuddorfOrganised resistance groups in a number of German manufacturing plantsArrested on February 1942 along with 200 members of his group.On 21 August 1944 guillotined at the Brandenburg-Görden PrisonPublished underground paper Informationdienst. [125]

Literature

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8. ^{{cite book|author=Ger van Roon|title=Widerstand im Dritten Reich: ein Überblick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2r8D-tKSWpoC&pg=PA238|accessdate=4 March 2019|year=1998|publisher=C.H.Beck|isbn=978-3-406-43691-8|page=81}}
9. ^1 {{cite book|author=R. Loeffel|title=Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVSE2HIfQ9EC&pg=PT67|accessdate=23 February 2019|date=29 May 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-02183-0|page=67}}
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12. ^{{cite web |title=Anna Beuthke (born Roßius) |url=https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/en/biografie/5008 |website=Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin |publisher=AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf |accessdate=17 January 2019 |location=Berlin |language=German}}
13. ^{{cite web |title=Ernst (Gustav Philip) Beuthke |url=https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/de/biografie/5009 |website=Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin |publisher=AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf |accessdate=17 January 2019 |location=Berlin |language=German}}
14. ^{{cite web |title=Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Beuthke |url=https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/de/biografie/5012 |website=Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin |publisher=AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf |accessdate=17 January 2019 |location=Berlin |language=German}}
15. ^{{cite web |title=Richard Beuthke |url=https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/en/biografie/5007 |website=Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin |publisher=AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf |accessdate=17 January 2019 |location=Berlin |language=German}}
16. ^{{cite web |title=Walter Beuthke |url=https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/en/biografie/5010 |website=Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin |publisher=AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf |accessdate=17 January 2019 |location=Berlin |language=German}}
17. ^{{cite web |title=Charlotte (Marie Henriette) Beuthke (born Wielsch) |url=https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/en/biografie/5013 |website=Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin |publisher=AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf |accessdate=17 January 2019 |location=Berlin |language=German}}
18. ^{{cite web |title=Gedenken aus Anlass des 120. Geburtstages von Kurt Bietzke am 13. Januar 2014 |url=https://lichtenberg.vvn-bda.de/2014/01/05/gedenken-aus-anlass-des-120-geburtstages-von-kurt-bietzke-am-13-januar-2014/ |trans-title=Commemoration on the occasion of the 120th birthday of Kurt Bietzke on January 13, 2014 |website=Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes - Bund der Antifaschistinnen und Antifaschisten |publisher=VVN-BdA e.V. |accessdate=19 January 2019 |language=German |date=5 January 2014}}
19. ^1 2 {{cite web |last1=Tittenhofer |first1=Mark A. |title=The Rote Drei: Getting Behind the 'Lucy' Myth |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol13no3/html/v13i3a05p_0001.htm |website=CIA Library |publisher=Center for the Study of Intelligence |accessdate=22 February 2019}}
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21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=4103|author1=|author2=|title=Böse, Hermann * 4.5.1871, † 17.7.1943 |publisher= Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur: Biographische Datenbanken |accessdate= 24 July 2015}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gdw-berlin.de/vertiefung/biografien/personenverzeichnis/biografie/view-bio/cato-bontjes-van-beek/?no_cache=1 |title=Cato Bontjes van Beek|website=Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand |publisher=German Resistance Memorial Center |accessdate=18 January 2018}}
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25. ^{{cite book|author=Kurt Schilde|title=Jugendopposition 1933-1945: ausgewählte Beiträge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPSYoJTQONkC&pg=PA46|accessdate=22 February 2019|year=2007|publisher=Lukas Verlag|language=German|isbn=978-3-86732-009-2|page=46}}
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27. ^{{cite book|author=Léopold Trepper|title=Die Wahrheit: Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WOFWCdWrn8C&pg=PA194|accessdate=18 January 2019|year=1995|publisher=Ahriman-Verlag GmbH|isbn=978-3-89484-554-4|page=348}}
28. ^{{cite book |last1=Langeois |first1=Christian |title=Les chants d'honneur : de la Chorale populaire à l'Orchestre rouge, Suzanne Cointe (1905-1943) |date=2017 |publisher=Cherche midi |location=Paris |isbn=9782749150697}}
29. ^{{cite web |last1=Coppi Jnr |first1=Hans |title=Hans Coppi |url=https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/en/biografie/1526 |website=Stolpersteine |publisher=Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine |accessdate=4 January 2019 |location=Berlin |language=German}}
30. ^{{cite web |title=Fritz Cremer 1906-1993 |url=https://www.hdg.de/lemo/biografie/fritz-cremer.html |website=LeMO-Biografien |publisher=Lebendiges Museum Online |accessdate=4 March 2019 |language=German}}
31. ^{{cite book|author=Shareen Blair Brysac|title=Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5nEXxloJxQYC&pg=PT412|accessdate=31 January 2019|date=23 May 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-992388-5|page=412}}
32. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |page=272}}
33. ^{{cite book|author=Léopold Trepper|title=Die Wahrheit: Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WOFWCdWrn8C&pg=PA194|accessdate=18 January 2019|year=1995|publisher=Ahriman-Verlag GmbH|isbn=978-3-89484-554-4|page=194}}
34. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4|page=274}}
35. ^{{cite journal |last1=Coppi Jr. |first1=Hans |editor1-last=Dietrich Bracher |editor1-first=Karl |editor2-last=Schwarz |editor2-first=Hans-Peter |editor3-last=Möller |editor3-first=Horst |title=Die Rote Kapelle |journal=Quarterly books for contemporary history |trans-title=The Red Chapel in the field of conflict and intelligence activity, The Trepper Report June 1943 |date=July 1996 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=431–548 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518143900/http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1996_3.pdf |accessdate=18 January 2019 |publisher=Institute of Contemporary History |location=Munich |language=German |format=pdf |issn=0042-5702}}
36. ^{{cite book |last1=Trepper |first1=Leopold |title=Die Wahrheit : Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle |date=1995 |publisher=Ahriman-Verlag GmbH |isbn=978-3-89484-554-4 |page=159 |language=German
37. ^{{cite web |title=The dead of the Red Chapel |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630100317/http://www.gdw-berlin.de/b17/b17-2-toten-d.php |website=Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand |publisher=Lehmann & Werder Museumsmedien, Berlin |accessdate=1 February 2019 |location=Internet Archive |language=German - English |date=30 June 2009}}
38. ^{{cite web |title=Charlotte Eisenblätter |url=https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/en/biografie/3906 |website=Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin |publisher=Stolpersteine Berlin |accessdate=14 February 2019}}
39. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |page=275}}
40. ^1 {{cite book|author=Léopold Trepper|title=Die Wahrheit: Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WOFWCdWrn8C&pg=PA352|accessdate=1 February 2019|year=1995|publisher=Ahriman-Verlag GmbH|isbn=978-3-89484-554-4|pages=352–}}
41. ^{{cite book|author=Boris Volodarsky|title=Stalin's Agent: The Life and Death of Alexander Orlov|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tM6SBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA325|accessdate=1 February 2019|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-965658-5|page=325}}
42. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |page=277}}
43. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |page=144}}
44. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |page=278}}
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46. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |page=279}}
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48. ^{{cite book |last1=Rosiejka |first1=Gert |title=Die Rote Kapelle : "Landesverrat" als antifaschist. Widerstand |trans-title=the Red Chapel. "Treason" as anti-fascist resistance. -With an introduction by Heinrich Scheel|date=1986 |publisher=Ergebnisse-Verl |location=Hamburg |isbn=3-925622-16-0 |edition=1. Aufl |language=German}}
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52. ^{{cite book|author=Corina L. Petrescu|title=Against All Odds: Models of Subversive Spaces in National Socialist Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PL00PmEbDnIC&pg=PA233|accessdate=23 February 2019|year=2010|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-03911-845-8|page=233}}
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54. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Gerhard Sälter|title=Phantome des Kalten Krieges: Die Organisation Gehlen und die Wiederbelebung des Gestapo-Feindbildes "Rote Kapelle"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0RDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT565|accessdate=28 February 2019|date=6 October 2016|publisher=Ch. Links Verlag|location=Note 130|isbn=978-3-86284-361-9|page=565}}
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57. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |url=http://archive.org/details/rotekapelleciOOunit |accessdate=5 February 2019 |page=283|format=pdf}}
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69. ^{{cite web |title=The Rote Kapelle (FINCK Study) |url=https://www.numbers-stations.com/cia/ROEDER,%20MANFRED/ROEDER,%20MANFRED_0013.pdf |website=Numbers Stations Research and Information Center |publisher=CIA |accessdate=10 February 2019 |format=pdf |date=1 June 2006}}
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76. ^{{cite web |title=Marie Hübner and the "Red Chapel" |url=http://www.berliner-geschichtswerkstatt.de/news-reader/items/mo-147-um-19-uhr-marie-huebner-und-die-rote-kapelle.html |website=Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt eV |accessdate=23 February 2019 |language=German |date=22 June 2014}}
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79. ^{{cite book|author=Léopold Trepper|title=Die Wahrheit: Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WOFWCdWrn8C&pg=PA386|accessdate=25 February 2019|year=1995|publisher=Ahriman-Verlag GmbH|location=9.|isbn=978-3-89484-554-4|page=386}}
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83. ^{{cite book |last1=Juchler |first1=Ingo |title=Mildred Harnack und die Rote Kapelle in Berlin |date=2017 |publisher=Potsdam : Universitätsverlag 2017 |isbn=978-3-86956-407-4 |page=455 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gk87DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=Hans+Lautenschl%C3%A4ger+rote+kapelle&source=bl&ots=_FtbKNGMG5&sig=ACfU3U11AeqPW8f9OgC8O8Kf6jST-ynn5w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiUjcC2ltLgAhXOBKYKHZxgDsc4ChDoATADegQIBxAB#v=snippet&q=Hans%20Lautenschl%C3%A4ger&f=false |accessdate=23 February 2019 |format=Dissertation}}
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85. ^{{cite web |title=First detailed interrogation of report on Lentz, Waldemar and Kurfess Hans |url=https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B_oIJbGCCNYeMGUxNzk0NWQtNzNhZi00YWVjLWI1NmItMzc2YWZiZGNjNjQ5 |website=Google drive |publisher=TICOM |accessdate=24 February 2019 |format=pdf |date=11 October 1945}}
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90. ^{{cite book|author=Stephen Tyas|title=SS-Major Horst Kopkow: From the Gestapo to British Intelligence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXkpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT120|accessdate=28 March 2019|date=25 June 2017|publisher=Fonthill Media|page=120|id=GGKEY:JT39J4WQW30}}
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93. ^{{cite web |last1=Hemmerling |first1=Indra |title=Willy Sachse |url=https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/de/biografie/3618 |website=Stolpersteine Berlin |publisher=Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin |accessdate=5 March 2019 |language=German}}
94. ^{{cite book|author=Léopold Trepper|title=Die Wahrheit: Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WOFWCdWrn8C&pg=PA386|accessdate=25 February 2019|year=1995|publisher=Ahriman-Verlag GmbH|isbn=978-3-89484-554-4|page=132}}
95. ^{{cite web |title=Studium in Heidelbergr|url=https://www.berlin.de/stadtbibliothek-mitte/bibliotheken/bezirkszentralbibliothek-philipp-schaeffer/namensgeber/artikel.145719.php |website=Stadtbibliothek Berlin-Mitte |accessdate=16 March 2019 |language=German}}
96. ^{{cite book|author=Geertje Andresen|title=Oda Schottmüller: Die Tänzerin, Bildhauerin und Nazigegnerin Oda Schottmüller (1905–1943)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FM4IDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|accessdate=11 January 2019|date=1 November 2005|publisher=Lukas Verlag|isbn=978-3-936872-58-3|page=231}}
97. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |page=347}}
98. ^{{cite web |title=ose Schlösinger (geb. Ennenbach) |url=https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/biografie/8599 |website=Stolpersteine Berlin |publisher=Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin |accessdate=15 March 2019 |language=German}}
99. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |page=350}}
100. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |page=350}}
101. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |page=351}}
102. ^{{cite book|author1=Deborah Ascher Barnstone|author2=Elizabeth Otto|title=Art and Resistance in Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8VyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|accessdate=8 March 2019|date=1 November 2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-5013-4488-6|page=58}}
103. ^{{cite web |title=Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster |url=http://stolpersteine-konstanz.de/schuermann-horster_willy.htmlr |website=Stolpersteine für Konstanz – Gegen Vergessen und Intoleranz |accessdate=16 March 2019}}
104. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |page=353}}
105. ^{{cite book |last1=Steinbach |first1=Peter |last2=Tuchel |first2=Johannes |title=Encyclopedia of Resistance 1933-1945 |date=1998 |publisher=CH Beck |location=Munich |isbn=3-406-43861-X |page=177 |edition=2nd |language=German}}
106. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gdw-berlin.de/de/vertiefung/biografien/personenverzeichnis/biografie/view-bio/libertas-schulze-boysen/?no_cache=1 |title=Libertas Schulze-Boysen|website=Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand |publisher=German Resistance Memorial Center |accessdate=15 March 2019}}
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108. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gdw-berlin.de/vertiefung/biografien/personenverzeichnis/biografie/view-bio/kurt-schumacher/?no_cache=1 |title=Kurt Schumacher|website=Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand |publisher=German Resistance Memorial Center |accessdate=15 March 2018}}
109. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |page=354}}
110. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |page=355}}
111. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |page=355}}
112. ^{{cite book |last1=Hochmuth |first1=Ursel |title=Illegale KPD und Bewegung "Freies Deutschland" in Berlin und Brandenburg 1942-1945 : Biographien und Zeugnisse aus der Widerstandsorganisation "Freies Deutschland" um Saefkow, Jacob und Bästlein |date=1998 |publisher=Hentrich & Hentrich |trans-title=Illegal KPD and "Free Germany" movement in Berlin and Brandenburg: 1942-1945: Biographies and testimonies from the resistance organization around Saefkow, Jacob and Bästlein |location=Berlin |isbn=3-933471-08-7 |page=238 |edition=1 |language=German|series=Schriften der Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand/A.}}
113. ^{{cite book |last1=Griebel |first1=Regina |last2=Coburger |first2=Marlies |last3=Scheel |first3=Heinrich |title=Erfasst? : das Gestapo-Album zur Roten Kapelle : eine Foto-Dokumentation |date=1992 |publisher=Audioscop |location=Halle |isbn=3-88384-044-0 |language=German|series=Detected? : the Gestapo album to the Red Chapel: a photo documentation}}
114. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.gdw-berlin.de/vertiefung/biografien/personenverzeichnis/biografie/view-bio/john-sieg/?no_cache=1 |title=John Sieg|website=Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand |publisher=German Resistance Memorial Center |accessdate=21 March 2018}}
115. ^{{cite journal |last1=Alvarez |first1=David |last2=Mark |first2=Eduard |title=Spying Through a Glass Darkly: American Espionage Against the Soviet Union, 1945–1946 |journal=Studies in Intelligence |date=December 2016 |volume=60 |issue=4 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol-60-no-4/pdfs/spying-through-a-glass-darkly.pdf |accessdate=5 March 2019 |publisher=University of Kansas Press |location=Cia Library}}
116. ^{{cite book|author=Léopold Trepper|title=Die Wahrheit: Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WOFWCdWrn8C&pg=PA139|accessdate=15 March 2019|year=1995|publisher=Ahriman-Verlag GmbH|isbn=978-3-89484-554-4|page=139}}
117. ^{{cite book|author=Dan Diner|title=Enzyklopädie jüdischer Geschichte und Kultur: Band 5: Pr-Sy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U43lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA263|accessdate=21 March 2019|date=12 January 2017|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-476-01220-3|page=263}}
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119. ^{{cite book|author=Léopold Trepper|title=Die Wahrheit: Autobiographie des "Grand Chef" der Roten Kapelle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WOFWCdWrn8C&pg=PA385|accessdate=24 March 2019|year=1995|publisher=Ahriman-Verlag GmbH|language=German|isbn=978-3-89484-554-4|page=385}}
120. ^{{cite book |last1=Gotovitch |first1=José |title=Du rouge au tricolore : les communistes belges de 1939 à 1944 : un aspect de l'histoire de la Résistance en Belgique |date=1992 |publisher=Editions Labor |location=Brussels |isbn=9782804006426 |page=561 |language=FrenchView|trans-title=From red to tricolor: the Belgian communists from 1939 to 1944: an aspect of the history of resistance in Belgium|series=Archives du futur.|oclc=26447788}}
121. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=0-89093-203-4 |page=90}}
122. ^{{cite book|author=Jefferson Adams|title=Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnEWm4kC844C&pg=PA448|accessdate=5 January 2019|date=15 March 2019|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6320-0|page=448}}
123. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gdw-berlin.de/vertiefung/biografien/personenverzeichnis/biografie/view-bio/heinz-strelow/?no_cache=1 |title=Heinz Strelow|website=Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand |publisher=German Resistance Memorial Center |accessdate=15 March 2019}}
124. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index_of_persons/biographie/view-bio/maria-terwiel/?no_cache=1 |title=Maria Terwiel|website=Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand |publisher=German Resistance Memorial Center |accessdate=4 April 2018}}
125. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gdw-berlin.de/de/vertiefung/biografien/personenverzeichnis/biografie/view-bio/robert-uhrig/?no_cache=1 |title=Robert Uhrig|website=Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand |publisher=German Resistance Memorial Center |accessdate=8 March 2018}}
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