| 词条 | People's Alliance (Turkey) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = People's Alliance | native_name = Cumhur İttifakı | native_name_lang = tr | logo = | abbreviation = | leader = Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (AKP) Devlet Bahçeli (MHP) Mustafa Destici (BBP) | secretary = | founder = | foundation = February 2018 | dissolution = | ideology = {{nowrap| Majority: Islamism[1] Islamic democracy[2] Conservative democracy Turkish ultranationalism[3][4][5][6] National conservatism Economic liberalism Social conservatism Right-wing populism Neo-Ottomanism[7][8][9] Erdoğanism Presidentialism Factions: Cultural nationalism[6][10][11] Euroscepticism[12]}} Pan-Turkism[13] Turanism[14] Turkish-Islamic synthesis Sunni Islamism Authoritarianism[6][15] Anti-communism Pro-military Pan-Islamism Religious conservatism | position = Right-wing[16][17][18][19] to far-right[20][21][22] | slogan = | predecessor = | headquarters = | european = | europarl = | national = | international = | colours = | colorcode = {{Justice and Development Party (Turkey)/meta/color}} | seats1_title = Grand National Assembly | seats1 = {{Composition bar|341|600|hex={{Justice and Development Party (Turkey)/meta/color}}}} | seats2_title = Metropolitan municipalities | seats2 = {{Composition bar|16|30|hex={{Justice and Development Party (Turkey)/meta/color}}}} | seats3_title = District municipalities | seats3 = {{Composition bar|972|1351|hex={{Justice and Development Party (Turkey)/meta/color}}}} | seats4_title = Provincial councillors | seats4 = {{Composition bar|957|1251|hex={{Justice and Development Party (Turkey)/meta/color}}}} | seats5_title = Municipal Assemblies | seats5 = {{Composition bar|14196|20498|hex={{Justice and Development Party (Turkey)/meta/color}}}} | website = {{Official URL}} | country = Turkey }} The Cumhur İttifakı (commonly translated into English as the People's Alliance[23]) is an electoral alliance in Turkey, established in February 2018 between the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the opposition Nationalist Movement Party (MHP).[24] The alliance was formed to contest the 2018 general election, and brings together the political parties supporting the re-election of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[25] Its main rival was the Nation Alliance, that was created by four opposition parties, which was established on 3 May 2018 but had dissolved by 4 July.[26] HistoryBackgroundWith the support of MHP votes in the Grand National Assembly, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan succeeded on passing the constitutional referendum in April 2017, which turn Turkey into a presidential system and would expand the executive power of the President of Turkey. Members of the MHP dissidents formed a new party, the new formed of the moderate conservative nationalist İyi Party. Since the new party formed, both AKP and MHP fear to lose votes to a new nationalist party formed by former MHP members, which oppose the MHP decided to vote for support President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's constitutional amendment. As a result, the two parties agree to form a coalition. FormationThe alliance has a joint presidential candidate, incumbent President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Each party is expected to nominate candidates for parliament separately. On 23 October 2018, after a series of public disagreements between the AKP and MHP, the MHP leader Devlet Bahçeli formally announced that his party would no longer seek to field joint candidates in prominent areas in the forthcoming March 2019 local elections. In response, Erdoğan stressed that the two parties were fundamentally different, and must go their separate ways on issues they disagreed on.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} Public disagreements focussed on a general pardon for pro-MHP prisoners, as well as a court decision to annul the abolition of the Student Oath. The oath had been abolished during the Solution process by the AKP government in an attempt to appease Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK) rebels, who regard its recital as racist. The court's decision to re-establish it was strongly supported by the MHP, while opposed by the AKP.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} However, both parties have stressed that they do not regard this as a dissolution of the alliance in the Turkish parliament and that the suspension of the electoral alliance for the local elections is only temporary.[27] CompositionFounding members
Additional members
After the formation of the alliance, there was speculation in the Turkish media, as well as among prominent analysts and politicians, that other minor parties could join the it before the 24 June 2018 elections. The parties most commonly mentioned as potential future members were the Great Unity Party (BBP) and the Felicity Party (SP).[31] While the SP ruled out joining the alliance, the BBP entered talks to join.[32] In early May 2018, the BBP ultimately joined the alliance on the lists of the AKP,[33] while the Felicity Party instead aligned with the opposition Nation alliance led by the Republican People' Party. Supporting parties
On 14 May, the Motherland Party (ANAP) announced that it would support the People's Alliance, on the basis of the political ideology of their founder, Turgut Özal. ANAP had supported 'No' in the 2017 constitutional referendum, as opposed to all other parties within the Alliance that had said 'Yes'.[35] On 18 May 2018, the AS Party (ASP) announced its support for the People's Alliance.[36] Presidential support
The Free Cause Party (HÜDA-PAR) only supports the Alliance in the presidential election while contesting the parliamentary election as a stand-alone party, References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/turkey.html|title=Turkey|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|year=2018|accessdate=1 September 2018}} 2. ^{{cite journal |first=Sultan |last=Tepe |title=Turkey's AKP: A Model "Muslim-Democratic" Party? |publisher=JHU Press |year=2005 |page=69–82}} 3. ^{{cite journal |author=Arman, Murat Necip|title=The Sources Of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism|journal= CEU Political Science Journal| issue=2|date= 2007 |pp= 133–151}} 4. ^{{cite conference|author=Eissenstat, Howard. |title=Anatolianism: The History of a Failed Metaphor of Turkish Nationalism|conference=Middle East Studies Association Conference|location=Washington, D.C.|date= November 2002}} 5. ^{{cite journal|author=Tachau, Frank. |title=The Search for National Identity among the Turks|journal= Die Welt des Islams|series= New Series|volume= 8|issue=3 |date=1963| pp= 165–176}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite journal |first=Steven A. |last=Cook |title=Recent History: The Rise of the Justice and Development Party |work=U.S.-Turkey Relations: A New Partnership to|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |year=2012 |page=52}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/05/akp-great-neo-ottoman-travesty-201451974314589207.html|title=AKP and the great neo-Ottoman travesty|author=Osman Rifat Ibrahim|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=7 June 2015}} 8. ^{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/10669929808720119|title = Turkish identity and foreign policy in flux: The rise of Neo‐Ottomanism| journal=Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies| volume=7| issue=12| pages=19–41|year = 1998|last1 = Yavuz|first1 = M. Hakan}} 9. ^{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1475-4967.2010.00430.x|title = Turkey: Redrawing the Middle East Map or Building Sandcastles?| journal=Middle East Policy| volume=17| pages=115–136|year = 2010|last1 = Kardaş|first1 = Şaban}} 10. ^{{cite journal |first=Fatma Müge |last=Göçek |title=The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2011 |page=56}} 11. ^{{cite journal |first=Nathalie |last=Tocci |title=Turkey and the European Union |work=The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |page=241}} 12. ^{{cite web | title = Euroscepticism: Party Ideology Meets Strategy| url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233292008_The_Nationalist_Movement_Party%27s_Euroscepticism_Party_Ideology_Meets_Strategy}} 13. ^{{cite news|title=MHP to start rallies against Kurdish initiative on Dec 13|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail.action;jsessionid=3Ghv60BSd63UASpRJxK9ZPhJ?newsId=194568&columnistId=0|accessdate=4 January 2015|work=Today's Zaman|date=4 December 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104161345/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail.action;jsessionid=3Ghv60BSd63UASpRJxK9ZPhJ?newsId=194568&columnistId=0|archivedate=4 January 2015}} 14. ^{{cite book|last1=Söyler|first1=Mehtap|title=The Turkish Deep State: State Consolidation, Civil-Military Relations and Democracy|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317668800|page=119|url=https://books.google.com.au/books/about/The_Turkish_Deep_State.html?id=CcKgBgAAQBAJ|language=en}} 15. ^{{cite journal |first=Fatma Müge |last=Göçek |title=The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2011 |page=56}} {{cite journal |first=Nathalie |last=Tocci |title=Turkey and the European Union |work=The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |page=241}} 16. ^{{cite news|title=Turkey's divisions are so deep they threaten its future|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/18/divided-turkey-future-threatened-isis|newspaper=Guardian|author=Soner Cagaptay|accessdate=2015-12-27|date=2015-10-17}} 17. ^{{cite book|first=Fawaz|last=Gerges|title=Contentious Politics in the Middle East|page=299|publisher=Springer|year=2016}} 18. ^{{cite book|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2017|page=65|first=Gözde|last=Yilmaz|title=Minority Rights in Turkey}} 19. ^{{cite news|work=Yahoo News|title=Turkish right-wing dissidents' bid to oust party leader foiled|date=15 May 2016|url=https://news.yahoo.com/wing-turkey-party-bid-oust-longtime-leader-033417332.html}} 20. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QnP1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=Far-right+Nationalist+Movement+Party&source=bl&ots=aZcATULlMv&sig=bVY1lgLdVPg4cCQL9crgjWxHco0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiL-Yvw75PSAhVsJsAKHa1BBvc4ChDoAQhCMAc#v=onepage&q=Far-right%20Nationalist%20Movement%20Party&f=false Turkey Recent Economic and Political Developments Yearbook Volume 1 - Strategic Information and Developments]. P.46. Published in July 2015 and updated annually. International Business Publications, Washington, USA. Accessed via Google books. Retrieved 16 February 2017. 21. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E0VDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq=Far-right+Nationalist+Movement+Party&source=bl&ots=ujgunad0Oq&sig=4M83BRsSOmRpWcdKran8zxkx75o&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHoqmm75PSAhUDD8AKHWyaB7o4ChDoAQhIMAk#v=onepage&q=Far-right%20Nationalist%20Movement%20Party&f=false Global Turkey in Europe II. Energy, Migration, Civil Society and Citizenship Issues in Turkey-EU Relations.] p.180. First published by Edizioni Nuova Cultura in 2014. Published in Rome, Italy. Accessed via Google books. Retrieved 16 February 2017. 22. ^[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/turkish-far-right-on-the-rise-1088461.html Turkish far right on the rise.] The Independent. Author - Justin Huggler. Published 19 April 1999. Retrieved 16 February 2017. 23. ^{{cite web|title=AKP, MHP to press button for ‘People’s Alliance’|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/akp-mhp-to-press-button-for-peoples-alliance-127628|website=Hürriyet Daily News|accessdate=20 February 2018}} 24. ^{{cite web|title=Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan AKP-MHP ittifakının ismini açıkladı: Cumhur İttifakı|url=http://www.sozcu.com.tr/2018/gundem/akp-grup-toplantisi-43-2234166/|website=Sözcü|accessdate=20 February 2018}} 25. ^{{cite web|title=Turkey's nationalist opposition to back Erdogan in 2019 election|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-politics-election/turkeys-nationalist-opposition-to-back-erdogan-in-2019-election-idUSKBN1EX170?il=0|website=Reuters|accessdate=20 February 2018}} 26. ^https://www.dailysabah.com/elections/2018/05/02/opposition-parties-agree-to-unite-against-peoples-alliance-in-upcoming-turkish-elections 27. ^https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/will-erdogan-s-power-be-shaken-after-losing-his-biggest-ally-turkey-394900389 28. ^{{cite journal |first=Fatma Müge |last=Göçek |title=The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2011 |page=56}} {{cite journal |first=Nathalie |last=Tocci |title=Turkey and the European Union |work=The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |page=241}} 29. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=168ttmTMo5MC&pg=PA230&dq=Ultranationalist+Movement+Party+Turkey&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiox7i-pc7aAhUPe8AKHSQqBFMQ6AEITzAH#v=onepage&q=Ultranationalist%20Movement%20Party%20Turkey&f=false Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues]. p.230. Author - Gus Martin. 4th edition. Published by SAGE in Los Angeles, California, USA. Retrieved via Google Books. 30. ^{{cite journal|first=Gokhan|last=Cetinsaya|date=July–October 1999|title=Rethinking Nationalism and Islam|journal=The Muslim World|volume=LXXIX|issue=3-4|pages=374–375}} 31. ^{{cite web|title=Selvi'den Bomba İddia: AK Parti, MHP Dışında, SP ve BBP ile de İttifak İçin Görüşüyor|url=https://www.haberler.com/selvi-den-bomba-iddia-ak-parti-mhp-disinda-sp-10520436-haberi/|website=Haberler|accessdate=20 February 2018}} 32. ^{{cite news|date=1 March 2018|title=Felicity Party leader says joining People’s Alliance not on agenda|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/elections/2018/03/01/felicity-party-leader-says-joining-peoples-alliance-not-on-agenda|work=Daily Sabah}} 33. ^{{cite web|title=Son dakika: BBP, AK Parti listelerinden seçime girecek|url=http://www.haberturk.com/mahir-unal-cumhur-ittifaki-bu-miletin-ta-kendisidir-1947228|website=HaberTürk|accessdate=3 May 2018}} 34. ^{{cite book|title=Connecting Cultures|first=Ulrich|last=Kockel|page=247|year=2004|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster}} 35. ^http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/siyaset/977511/ANAP_in_ittifak_tercihi_3_gun_sonra_fark_edildi..._Takipci_sayisi_270__tercihi_Cumhur_ittifaki.html 36. ^{{cite web|author=Mynet |url=http://www.mynet.com/haber/secim/as-parti-den-cumhur-ittifaki-na-destek-4130744-1 |title=AS Parti'den Cumhur İttifakı'na destek! - Seçim Haberleri |publisher=Mynet.com |date= |accessdate=2018-05-21}} 5 : 2018 establishments in Turkey|Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Nationalist Movement Party|Political parties established in 2018|Political party alliances in Turkey |
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