“Perspective machine”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A perspective machine is an optical instrument designed to help artists create perspective drawings.^[1] The earliest machines were built centuries ago when the theory of perspective was being worked out, and modern versions are still^[2] in use.

Timeline

1510: Leonardo da Vinci's Draftsman drawing an armillary sphere shows an early perspective machine in use.^[3]

1525: Albrecht Dürer, in his illustration Man drawing a lute, shows an artist using a perspective machine to create a drawing. The machine consists of a wooden frame with a taut string passing through it to represent the viewer's line of sight.^[4] Dürer built his second model of such a machine in the same year.^[5]

c.1765: Scottish engineer James Watt designs a machine based on an easel, with a pantograph mechanism allowing the artist to trace an object using a sight arm and transfer the movement of the sight to a pen drawing on paper. Watt stated that his machine was based on an invention by a Mr Hurst, who lived in India.^[6]^[7]

1763: Philosopher Thomas Reid uses a machine to investigate his theory of perception.^[8]

1825: English inventor Francis Ronalds patents two perspective tracing machines. One generated an accurate drawing of an object or scene in nature and the other created a perspective view of an object from drawings of the plan and elevations. Ronalds manufactured the machines and sold several hundreds of them.^[9]^[10]

References

1. ^"Perspective Machine", The New and Complete American Encyclopedia, John Low, 1810, p.441
2. ^John Montague, Basic Perspective Drawing: A Visual Approach, John Wiley & Sons, 2013, {{ISBN|1118414128}}
3. ^Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus, 1510, reproduced in R. John Williams, The Buddha in the Machine: Art, Technology, and the Meeting of East and West, p.2, {{ISBN|0300194471}}
4. ^Daniele Barbaro, [https://www.architecture.com/image-library/RIBApix/image-information/poster/demonstration-of-albrecht-durers-perspective-machine-lens-perspectiva/posterid/RIBA38296.html La pratica della perspettiva di Monsignor Daniel Barbaro], Venice, 1559, p. 191, accessed 2016-02-08
5. ^"Drawing - The discovery of perspective", Heinz Nixdorf Museums Forum, accessed 2016-02-08
6. ^Perspective machine by James Watt, Science Museum, London, accessed 2016-02-08
7. ^Watt, James, "Description of a New Perspective Machine", Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, Volume 2, Number 4, Plate 7; Pages 259-262
8. ^Alexander Dick, Theory and Practice in the Eighteenth Century: Writing Between Philosophy and Literature, Routledge, 2015, {{ISBN|1317314530}}. Dick says that the machine was based on Watt's invention but this contradicts the 1765 date given by Watt himself in Description of his Perspective Machine.
9. ^{{Cite book|title = Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph|last = Ronalds|first = B.F.|publisher = Imperial College Press|year = 2016|isbn = 978-1-78326-917-4|location = London|pages =}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.sirfrancisronalds.co.uk/tracing.html|title = Perspective Drawing Instruments|last =|first =|date =|website = Sir Francis Ronalds and his Family|publisher =|access-date = 11 Apr 2016}}

Timeline

References

External links