“Peter von Pennavaire”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Peter Ernst von Pennavaire (1678/1680–19 January 1759)^[1] ], was the son a French advocate (attorney) in Toulouse, who had fled from France in about 1685. He served in Prussian army, achieving the rank of lieutenant general of cavalry and proprietor of the Leib-Carabiniers (Cürassier-Regiment No 11). He was the recipient of both the Black Eagle Order and Pour le Mérite. At the Battle of Breslau, when he was 80 years old, he led his cavalry in a charge at the Austrian front. He died of complications from injuries received at the Battle.

Family

The Pennavaire family originated in Guyenne, France; Pierre de Pennavaire from Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val (died 1729) was an advocate (attorney) in Toulouse. After the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685) (also called the revocation of the Edict of Nantes), he fled with his four sons to the safety of Protestant Berlin.^[2]

Peter von Pennavaire, sometimes called Pierre (II), was probably born in Toulouse or Guyenne 6 August 1680. He married Margaretha Rey, from an Erlanger patriarchal and merchant family. The pair had several children; one of the sons died in the War of Austrian Succession. The daughter, Renata Margarethe (21 July 1730– 2 February 1795) married in 1747 to Colonel Stephan Gottlieb von Dewitz (23 July 1723–1787), a son of Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm von Dewitz.^[3]

Pennavaire's older brother, Johann Jakob von Pennavaire, also called Jean Jacques (21 Jan 1678–5 Feb 1750), was also in Prussian military service and first served in the Dragoon Regiment Derfflinger.^[4] ^[5] His brother retired as a full Colonel on 4 February 1741 after having commanded the Schulenburg Dragoon Regiment.^[6]

Military service

Pennavaire entered into Brandenburg military service in 1694,^[7] as a Grand Musketeer, and fought in the War of Spanish Succession, and fought in the Battle of Malplaquet. In December 1712, he was promoted to lieutenant of the Cavalry Horse Guards. In Prussia, he fought in the Pomeranian campaign of the Great Northern War from 1715–1716. On 21 December, he was promoted to Rittmeister; in 1733, he was promoted to major, 1741, to lieutenant colonel, and 1744 to colonel.^[2] In the mid-1730s he built a mansion in Berlin, later occupied by Prince Ferdinand of Prussia (later Wilhelmstrasse 65).^[8]

In June 1747, Pennavaire was awarded the Pour le Mérite. After serving in the Second Silesian War (the latter half of the War of Austrian Succession, on 14 July 1748 he was promoted to major general.^[2] On 14 November 1751, he was named the properietor of the Cürassier Regiment Nr. 11, also known as the Leibcarabinier Regiment.^[9] He succeeded the former chief, Caspar Ludwig von Bredow.^[10]

Seven Years' War

In September 1756, Pennavaire entered the Seven Years War as a major general in Field Marshall James Keith's column, commanding five squadrons each of the Gens d'Armes and Prince of Prussia Cuirassiers.^[11] By early October 1756, at Lobositz, Pennavaire's cavalry brigade had been augmented with another squadron of the Garde du Corps (178 men), giving him a brigade of just under 2000. At 11:00, with the field still shrouded in mist, Pennavaire's troopers were sent to reconnoiter the Austrian line, supported by the Bayreuth Dragoons. Quickly, though, the reconnaissance turned into firefight as the right flank of cuirassiers was enfiladed by the fire of the Austrian occupying Sullowitz. Several squadrons of Austrian dragoons also charged, and Pennavaire's most forward troops were rescued by the Bayreuth dragoons. Subsequently, Frederick pulled the cavalry out of the battle, but they had served a purpose: Frederick knew where his opponent's strengths lay. The battle lasted another seven hours, but Pennavaire and his brigade were observers.^[12] In the course of the first moments of battle, the brigade overthrew two Austrian cavalry regiments, took three standards and captured Austrian Field Marshal Fürst Lobkowitz.^[13]

In February 1757, Pennavaire was received as a Knight in the Black Eagle Order. Pennavaire was promoted to lieutenant general on 18 June 1757. In the Battle of Kolin, Frederick's plan fell short of success when he attacked the Austrian front, rather than its wing. Pennavaire commanded cavalry in the center of the Prussian line, including 10 squadrons of cuirassiers. Frederick ordered several cavalry attacks in the course of trying to retrieve the battle. Pennavaire, augmented with another 10 squadrons of horse, was instructed to assault the Krzeczor Heights, supported by Zieten's cavalry and some infantry. Zieten's cavalry had problems of its own and the Duke of Bevern's infantry was already engaged. Pennavaire's men were thrown back.^[14] Historian Christopher Duffy noted that Pennavaire's cavalry performed poorly at Kolin and that the general was nicknamed "The Anvil" because he was beaten so often.^[15]

At the Battle of Breslau, the 80-year-old lieutenant general led his brigade in a charge on the Austrian crossing the Lohe river at Klein Mochbern. They were heavily strafed by Austrian grape shot and canister fire. He was badly wounded and although he recovered, he did not serve again.^[2]

Pennavaire died of pneumonia in Berlin in the night of 18–19 January 1759.^[16] Joachim Christian von Bandemer succeeded him as proprietor of the regiment.^[9] Pennavaire was buried in the garrison cemetery of Berlin.^[2] His brother's son inherited his properties, Heiligenthal at Mansfeld; he had already sold the position of Drostei at Esens in East Friesland, given to him by Frederick, to Wilhelm Ferdinand Thilo zu Stechow in 1749. The last of the family, retired Colonel (Oberst a.D.) von Pennavaire, died in 1824. He had served in the Nieder-Schliesen Fusiliers in 1806 at the fortress of Glogau.^[17]^[18]

For his work, Pennavaire's name was immortalized in 1851 on one of the honorary plates on the Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great.^[2]

References

1. ^Conflicting sources give his birth as 1680 or before and 1690. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, and [https://thesaurus.cerl.org/record/cnp01179572 Record] agree on 1680. Contemporary sources say he was at least 80 when he fought his last battle, and also when he died in 1759, which would mean he was born in 1679 or earlier. Ernst Heinrich Kneschke, Neues allgemeines Deutsches adels-lexicon: im vereine mit mehreren ..., Volume 7, lists his birth as 1690 [https://books.google.com/books?id=CuimQsROQrIC&pg=PA90&dq=Pennavaire&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinwLeG38fSAhVF6oMKHXkKDHMQ6AEIKTAC#v=onepage&q=Pennavaire&f=false here].
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵Bernhard von Poten, [https://de.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=ADB:Pennavaire,_Peter_von&oldid=2553469 Pennavaire, Peter von]. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 25 (1887), S. 356–357, Digitale Volltext-Ausgabe in Wikisource, URL: (Version vom 8. März 2017, 00:39 Uhr UTC)
3. ^Genealogy Net. Pennavaire. Accessed 7 March 2017.
4. ^Kurd Wolfgang von Schöning, Geschichte des königlich preussischen dritten Dragoner-Regiments und ...Dümmler, 1835, pp. 35, 42, 51, 64, 409. He was a Fähnrich in the 4th company in 1706, lieutenant in 1714 (3rd company), captain in 1723 (7th company), major in 1724; lieutenant colonel in 1739 (4th squadron).Schöning mistakenly says that the brother died in 1741, but that was probably Pennavaire's son.
5. ^Pennavaire's son, also Johann Jakob, fought in the War of Austrian Succession, probably in his uncle's regiment, and died as a Rittmeister in 1741. Pennavaire's son, also Johann Jakob, fought in the War of Austrian Succession, probably in his uncle's regiment, and died as a Rittmeister in 1741.
6. ^E. von Hagen, Geschichte des neumärkische Dragoner-Regiments Nr. 3...Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, 1885, pp. 37, 382, 408.
7. ^Anton Balthasar König, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IE1FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=peter+pennavaire&source=bl&ots=8HkH7zSTwH&sig=0foPIXMls3ZlPqgn9FWv3HMTYoc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC2evRisrSAhVEF8AKHfXmCWgQ6AEIRDAI#v=onepage&q=peter%20pennavaire&f=false Peter Pennavaire], Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militärpersonen: T. M-See . Wever, 1790.
8. ^Historic Berlin, Ultimate Guide to Berlin of Yesteryear, 24 December 2015 version. Accessed 8 March, 2017.
9. ^¹Digby Smith et al. Prussian_Leib-Carabiniers. Project Seven Years War, 29 November 2014, version. Accessed 7 March 2017.
10. ^{{cite web|editor=Dr. Jacobs |title=Zeitschrift Harz Vereins für Geschichte Alterthumskunde |year=1880 |publisher=HC Huch |location=Quedlinburg |page=242 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzpRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA242& }}
11. ^Kronostaf,1756 - Prussian invasion of Saxony – Prussian OOB September 30. Found in Grosser Generalstab Kriegsgeschichtliche Abteilung II, Die Kriege Friedrichs des Grossen, Part 3 Der siebenjährige Krieg 1756-1763, Vol. 1 Pirna und Lobositz, Berlin, 1901, pp. 254, 256. 19 December 2014. Accessed 9 March 2017.
12. ^Harald Skala et al. Lobositz. kronoskaf-Seven Years' War.19 June 2016 version. Accessed 8 March 2017.
13. ^Digby Smith,et al. Prussian Garde du Corps. Seven Years' War. 29 November 2014 version. Accessed 8 March 2017.
14. ^Robert Neville Lawley (Hon.), General Seydlitz; a military biography, For private circulation only, 1852 [https://books.google.com/books?id=NqpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA39&dq=Pennavaire&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinwLeG38fSAhVF6oMKHXkKDHMQ6AEITzAH#v=onepage&q=Pennavaire&f=false p. 39].
15. ^{{cite book|last=Duffy |first=Christopher |authorlink=Christopher Duffy |title=The Army of Frederick the Great |publisher=Hippocrene Books |year=1974 |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=0-88254-277-X |page=172 }}
16. ^Neue genealogisch-historische Nachrichten von den vornehmsten ..., Volume 10, Heinsius, 1759, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eONTAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA786&dq=Peter+von+pennavaire&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8rdmZ-snSAhXC3YMKHZ6UCzoQ6AEIIzAB#v=onepage&q=Peter%20von%20pennavaire&f=false 786].
17. ^Neues Preussisches Adels-Lexicon oder genealogische und diplomatische, Reichenbach, 1837, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sQg7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=Drostei+Esens&source=bl&ots=WeAnATxO9I&sig=ywcJHc7dYMNtb_3Lw4DTUF53CEs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5jN6BsMrSAhUh0oMKHem1C_8Q6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&q=Drostei%20Esens&f=false pp. 26–27]
18. ^Ernst Heinrich Kneschke, Neues allgemeines deutsches Adels-Lexicon, im Vereine mit mehreren. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nVsBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA90&dq=Pennavaire&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-w478rsrSAhUIIMAKHXtfBMwQ6AEIKzAC#v=onepage&q=Pennavaire&f=false p. 90].