| 词条 | Petroleum Facilities Guard |
| 释义 |
| name = Petroleum Facilities Guard | native_name = حرس المنشآت النفطية | native_name_lang = ar | war = the Second Libyan Civil War | image = | caption = | active = October 2012[1] – Present | ideology = Federalism[1] | position = | leader = Idris Bukhamada (August 2013[2] – 2014[3]) Idris Bukhamada (February 2017 – Present) | clans = | headquarters = | spokesman = Ali al-Hassi[4] | area = Libya | strength = 17'000 – 35'000 [5] | partof = | previous = | next = | allies ={{plainlist|
}} | split = | opponents ={{plainlist|
}} | battles =
| website = http://www.pfglibya.org/ }} The Petroleum Facilities Guard (PFG; Arabic: حرس المنشآت النفطية) is a Libyan Oil Company and Militia led by Idris Bukhamada. Established in October 2012,[10] it took control of the main oil export terminals in eastern Libya in the summer of 2013[11] and starting in March 2014 attempted to sell oil.[12] Despite initially allying himself with Khalifa Haftar,[13] this alliance would later sour and lead to Jadhran accusing the LNA of trying to assassinate him in September 2015.[14][13] During the Battle of Sirte (2016), the PFG joined the Government of National Accord-led offensive against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, taking control of Bin Jawad and Nawfiliyah on 27 May.[15] After controlling the ports for years and costing Libya over 60 billion dollars of oil revenues,[16] the Libyan National Army launched Operation Surprise Lightening on 10 September 2016 in a bid to take the PFG-controlled Brega, Zuwetina, Sidra and Ras Lanouf oil terminals.[17] The next day, Local activists reported that Libyan National Army’s 166th Battalion managed to capture the town of Ajdabiya, Sadra, and Ras Lanouf after a fierce battle with the PFG forces in western Benghazi.[18] By the 12th of September, The LNA had captured the headquarters of the Zueitina oil terminal, leaving the PFG with hardly any territory under its control.[19] On the 14th, The LNA seized Brega, Prompting LNA Colonel Muftah al-Muqarief to declare victory, being quoted as saying "The entire oil crescent region is now under our control".[20] Later in September, the PFG launched an abortive attempt to retake the Gulf of Sidra, Before being driven back with 5 PFG members killed and several vehicles destroyed.[21] On 6–7 December 2016, the PFG, allied with the Benghazi Defense Brigades, launched another attempt to retake the Gulf of Sidra, Briefly seizing Nofaliya and Bin Jawad before being driven back by an LNA counterattack and retreating toward Harawa. The LNA followed up their victory with a retaliation raid in the vicinity of Al Jufrah air base, Killing field commander Umar Al Mukhtar and wounding 13, as well as advancing on Gate 50 east of Sirte with the 21st and 101st Infantry Battalions, and seizing the Brak Al Shati air base and Tamanhint air base in Sabha region with the 12th Brigade led by Mohammed Ben Nayel.[22] In February 2017, Ibrahim Jadhran was sacked by the presidency council as leader of the PFG, and Idris Bukhamada was appointed as the new leader.[3] References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/02/03/federalism-and-libyas-oil/|title=Federalism and Libya's Oil|first=Matthew M.|last=Reed|website=Foreignpolicy.com|accessdate=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211829/https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/02/03/federalism-and-libyas-oil/|archive-date=2018-10-09|dead-url=no|df=}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.eiu.com/industry/commodities/article/650883049/libya-oil-quick-view---noc-invokes-force-majeure/2013-08-22|title=Libya oil: Quick View – NOC invokes force majeure|last=Solutions|first=EIU Digital|date=22 August 2013|website=Eiu.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-10-23|quote=the recently appointed head of the Petroleum Facilities Guard, Edris Abokhamada, told Reuters that he has asked the Ministry of Defence for reinforcements.}} 3. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/03/07/pc-sends-petroleum-facilities-guards-to-take-over-sidra-and-ras-lanuf/|title=PC sends Petroleum Facilities Guards to take over Sidra and Ras Lanuf |website=Libyaherald.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211653/https://www.libyaherald.com/2017/03/07/pc-sends-petroleum-facilities-guards-to-take-over-sidra-and-ras-lanuf/|archive-date=2018-10-09|dead-url=no|df=}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/forces-loyal-khalifa-haftar-attack-ports-libya-160911104408441.html|title=Forces loyal to Khalifa Haftar attack ports in Libya|website=Aljazeera.com|accessdate=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211701/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/forces-loyal-khalifa-haftar-attack-ports-libya-160911104408441.html|archive-date=2018-10-09|dead-url=no|df=}} 5. ^ 17'000: {{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/exrebel-with-militia-lays-claim-to-libyan-oil-patch-1380842931|title=Ex-Rebel, With Militia, Lays Claim to Libyan Oil Patch|last=Coker|first=Margaret|date=2013-10-03|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2018-10-23|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}} 18'000: {{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3b30d756-a744-11e2-bfcd-00144feabdc0|title=Oil industry left with legacy of violence in Libya after Gaddafi|last=|first=|date=29 April 2013|website=Ft.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 20'000: {{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/libyas-petroleum-facilities-guard-reopens-four-ports-in-order-to-resume-oil-exports-300306389.html|title=Libya's Petroleum Facilities Guard Reopens Four Ports in Order to Resume Oil Exports|last=Guard|first=Petroleum Facilities|website=Prnewswire.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-23}} 27'000: {{cite web|url=https://egyptoil-gas.com/news/libyan-petroleum-guards-accused-of-siphoning-oil/|title=Libyan Petroleum Guards Accused of Siphoning Oil|first=Egypt Oil &|last=Gas|date=27 January 2016|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009213048/https://egyptoil-gas.com/news/libyan-petroleum-guards-accused-of-siphoning-oil/|archive-date=2018-10-09|dead-url=no|df=}} {{cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/world/africa/the-rogue-army-handing-over-oil-money-and-territory-to-is/news-story/703a8d82542e95e032828e0f590b171b|title=Rogue army boosting ISIS|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010011124/https://www.news.com.au/world/africa/the-rogue-army-handing-over-oil-money-and-territory-to-is/news-story/703a8d82542e95e032828e0f590b171b|archive-date=2018-10-10|dead-url=no|df=}} 35'000: {{cite web|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/reports/2016/12/08/294447/toward-a-more-perfect-union-the-struggle-for-security-in-libya/|title=Toward a More Perfect Union: The Struggle for Security in Libya – Center for American Progress|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010001613/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/reports/2016/12/08/294447/toward-a-more-perfect-union-the-struggle-for-security-in-libya/|archive-date=2018-10-10|dead-url=no|df=}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ecfr.eu/mena/mapping_libya_conflict|title=A quick guide to Libya's main players – European Council on Foreign Relations|website=Ecfr.eu|accessdate=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818044821/https://www.ecfr.eu/mena/mapping_libya_conflict|archive-date=2018-08-18|dead-url=no|df=}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.max-security.com/security-blog/resurgence-of-sdb-linked-to-libyan-armys-recent-preoccupation-in-derna-libya-analysis/|title=Resurgence of Islamist Groups linked to Libyan National Army’s fighting in Derna – MAX BLOG|date=21 June 2018|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211754/https://www.max-security.com/security-blog/resurgence-of-sdb-linked-to-libyan-armys-recent-preoccupation-in-derna-libya-analysis/|archive-date=2018-10-09|dead-url=no|df=}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ibrahim-jadhran-libya-separatist-gna-qadhafi/|title=Militiaman who became Libya’s oil kingpin|last=|first=|date=2016-08-25|work=POLITICO|access-date=2018-10-18|language=en-US|quote=Now Jadhran denounces all sides. He accused the GNC of being dominated by Islamic extremists.}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR_Mapping_of_Libyas_factions.pdf|format=PDF|title=Mapping Libya’s factions|website=Ecfr.eu|accessdate=11 November 2018}} 10. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=xAoeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq=petroleum+facilities+guard+%222012%22&source=bl&ots=94OSNkH1DY&sig=C2B6D4nFhanbp6nLGg6XflTdWaI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwid1fDip5zeAhWJEVAKHZS2BhY4ChDoATADegQIAxAB#v=onepage&q=petroleum%20facilities%20guard%20%222012%22&f=false|title=Businessmen in Arms: How the Military and Other Armed Groups Profit in the MENA Region|last=Grawert|first=Elke|last2=Abul-Magd|first2=Zeinab|date=2016-04-29|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442254565|language=en}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/303118/World/Region/Conflict-returns-to-Libyas-petroleum-crescent.aspx|title=Conflict returns to Libya's petroleum crescent - Region - World - Ahram Online|website=English.ahram.org.eg|accessdate=11 November 2018}} 12. ^{{Cite news|url=https://egyptoil-gas.com/news/libyan-petroleum-guards-accused-of-siphoning-oil/|title=Libyan Petroleum Guards Accused of Siphoning Oil|last=Gas|first=Egypt Oil &|date=2016-01-27|work=Egypt Oil & Gas|access-date=2018-10-09|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009213048/https://egyptoil-gas.com/news/libyan-petroleum-guards-accused-of-siphoning-oil/|archive-date=2018-10-09|dead-url=no|df=}} 13. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/Lybias_Main_Players.pdf|title=A Quick Guide to Libya's main players|last=Toaldo|first=Mattia|date=2016|work=European Council of Foreign Relations|access-date=2018-10-18|quote=He (Ibrahim Jadhran) has alternately allied himself with both the HoR and its opponents in western Libya. While Jathran initially claimed to be supportive of Haftar’s Dignity campaign, his relationship with Haftar has since soured to the extent he has accused Haftar’s forces of trying to assassinate him.}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/militiaman-jodran-deplores-haftars-attempt-assassinate-him|title=Militiaman Jodran deplores Haftar's attempt to assassinate him {{!}} The Libya Observer|website=Libyaobserver.ly|language=en|access-date=2018-10-18}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0YL1V0|title=Libyan security forces pushing Islamic State back from vicinity of...|first=By Ayman|last=al-Warfalli|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628152951/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKCN0YL1V0|archive-date=2018-06-28|dead-url=no|df=}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/libyas-oil-guards-accused-of-siphoning-off-countrys-supplies-for-profit-a6833401.html|title=Oil guards accused of siphoning off Libya's supplies|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009214640/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/libyas-oil-guards-accused-of-siphoning-off-countrys-supplies-for-profit-a6833401.html|archive-date=2018-10-09|dead-url=no|df=}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/dignity-operation-attacks-oil-terminals-east-libya|title=Dignity Operation attacks oil terminals in east Libya {{!}} The Libya Observer|website=Libyaobserver.ly|language=en|access-date=2018-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211828/https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/dignity-operation-attacks-oil-terminals-east-libya|archive-date=2018-10-09|dead-url=no|df=}} 18. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/libyan-national-army-liberates-several-sites-near-coast/|title=Libyan National Army liberates several sites near the coast|date=2016-09-11|work=AMN – Al-Masdar News {{!}} المصدر نيوز|access-date=2018-10-09|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009213320/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/libyan-national-army-liberates-several-sites-near-coast/|archive-date=2018-10-09|dead-url=no|df=}} 19. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/12/key-libya-oil-terminals-seized-by-rival-government-sparking-call-for-military-action|title=Seizure of Libyan oil terminals prompts call for military action|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|date=2016-09-12|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211550/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/12/key-libya-oil-terminals-seized-by-rival-government-sparking-call-for-military-action|archive-date=2018-10-09|dead-url=no|df=}} 20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/khalifa-haftar-forces-seizes-oil-port-brega-libya-160914061306594.html|title=Khalifa Haftar forces seize oil port Brega in Libya|website=Aljazeera.com|access-date=2018-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211752/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/khalifa-haftar-forces-seizes-oil-port-brega-libya-160914061306594.html|archive-date=2018-10-09|dead-url=no|df=}} 21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/09/18/jadhrans-pfg-fail-to-retake-sidra-and-ras-lanuf-export-terminals/|title=Jadhran’s PFG fail to retake Sidra and Ras Lanuf export terminals|website=Libyaherald.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211626/https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/09/18/jadhrans-pfg-fail-to-retake-sidra-and-ras-lanuf-export-terminals/|archive-date=2018-10-09|dead-url=no|df=}} 22. ^{{Cite news|url=https://warisboring.com/when-militants-attacked-libyas-oil-region-regime-aircraft-struck-back-hard/|title=When Militants Attacked Libya’s Oil Region, Regime Aircraft Struck Back Hard|access-date=2018-10-09|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211658/https://warisboring.com/when-militants-attacked-libyas-oil-region-regime-aircraft-struck-back-hard/|archive-date=2018-10-09|dead-url=no|df=}} 1 : Oil and gas companies of Libya |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。