词条 | Pharyngeal aspiration |
释义 |
Pharyngeal aspiration has benefits over the alternative methods of inhalation and intratracheal instillation, the introduction of the substance directly into the trachea. Inhalation studies have the disadvantages that they are expensive and technically difficult, the dose and location of the substance has poor reproducibility, they require large amounts of material, and they potentially allow exposure to laboratory workers and to the skin of laboratory animals. Intratracheal instillation overcomes some of these difficulties, but because a needle or tube is needed to access the trachea, it remains technically challenging and causes trauma to the animal, which can be a confounding factor. It also results in a less uniform distribution of the substance than inhalation, and bypasses effects from the upper respiratory tract.[1][2] In pharyngeal aspiration, the substance is placed in the pharynx, which is higher in the respiratory tract, avoiding the major source of technical difficulty and trauma to the animal.[1] The deposition pattern of pharyngeal aspiration is also more dispersed than that of intratracheal instillation, making it more similar to inhalation, and the lung responses are qualitatively similar.[3] Nevertheless, pharyngeal aspiration still leads to more particle agglomeration than inhalation, making its effects less potent.[4] MethodologyPharyngeal aspiration is often performed on mice[1] and rats.[5] Prior to introduction of the stubstance, the animal is anesthetized and its tongue extended, preventing the animal from swallowing the material and allowing it to be aspirated into the lungs over the course of at least two deep breaths. A liquid suspension of particles in saline solution is usually used, in a typical volume of 50 μL.[1] Sometimes the substance is introduced into the larynx instead of the pharynx to avoid contamination from food particles and other contaminants present in the mouth.[5] References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal|last=Rao|first=G. V. S.|last2=Tinkle|first2=Sally|last3=Weissman|first3=David|last4=Antonini|first4=James|last5=Kashon|first5=Michael|last6=Salmen|first6=Rebecca|last7=Battelli|first7=Lori|last8=Willard|first8=Patsy|last9=Hubbs|first9=Ann|date=2003-01-01|title=Efficacy of a Technique for Exposing the Mouse Lung to Particles Aspirated from the Pharynx|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20023555.html|journal=Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A|volume=66|issue=15–16|pages=1441–1452|doi=10.1080/15287390306417|issn=1528-7394|pmid=12857634|access-date=2017-03-01|via=}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Driscoll|first=Kevin E.|last2=Costa|first2=Daniel L.|last3=Hatch|first3=Gary|last4=Henderson|first4=Rogene|last5=Oberdorster|first5=Gunter|last6=Salem|first6=Harry|last7=Schlesinger|first7=Richard B.|date=2000-05-01|title=Intratracheal Instillation as an Exposure Technique for the Evaluation of Respiratory Tract Toxicity: Uses and Limitations|journal=Toxicological Sciences|language=en|volume=55|issue=1|pages=24–35|doi=10.1093/toxsci/55.1.24|issn=1096-6080|pmid=10788556}} 3. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2013-145/|title=Occupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers|last=|first=|date=April 2013|website=U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|pages=15–17, 48|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-02-17}} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXwZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA466|title=Natural Mineral Nanotubes: Properties and Applications|last=Pasbakhsh|first=Pooria|last2=Churchman|first2=G. Jock|date=2015-02-04|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781482262254|location=|pages=466|language=en}} 5. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pW7vBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|title=Handbook of Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials: From Toxicological Testing to Personalized Medicine|last=Fadeel|first=Bengt|date=2014-12-10|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9789814463379|location=|pages=161|language=en}} 3 : Occupational safety and health|Toxicology|Pharynx |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。