“Phineas Pratt”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Phineas Pratt was born in London, Middesex, England around 1593. He was the son of the Reverend Henry Pratt and his wife Mary. Henry Pratt was a Puritan Nonconformist minister who was imprisoned in England for preaching the gospel contrary to the rule of the Church of England. Family legend has it that Henry communicated with his family by writing letters penned in his own blood.^[1]

According to the book Phinehas Pratt and Some of His Descendants, written by Eleazer Franklin Pratt and published posthumously in 1897: "Tradition relates that the father of Henry was John, and that either John or the father of John, was a Frenchman who bore the surname of Plat or Platt; having fled from France during some political excitement in that country, he became and "Armor-bearer" to the Monarch of England, and his name was subsequently changed to Pratt."^[1] However, according to more recent genealogists, his grandfather, John Henry Pratt may have in fact been from Bishopworth, Somerset, England.^[4]

Career

The ill-fated Wessagusset settlement

Some time prior to 1622, at around the age of 29, Phineas Pratt and his brother Joshua Pratt joined the company of Thomas Weston, a London Merchant involved with the Leiden Separatists and Pilgrims who settled Plymouth Colony in 1620. Known to the Pilgrims as the "Strangers", this group of adventurers arrived in New England in 1622 on three ships: the Sparrow, Charity and Swan. Phineas Pratt was a passenger on the Sparrow, which was the first ship of the three to arrive. Poorly supplied with inferior provisions and with many ill, Weston's total company comprised approximately 67 men, about ten of whom sailed on the Sparrow and (through some mis-navigation) put ashore in Damarill's Cove (Damariscove Islands), off the now State of Maine,^[6] to find a site for another plantation. Encountering some Native Americans, Weston's men thought it best to settle closer to the Plimoth plantation. Weston sent Pratt with a group of about seven men to scout out the area around Plymouth. Encountering the settlers there, who were in need of provisions, they brought some back to the Maine encampment to give them some supplies.^[7] Eventually, the group sailed to Plymouth to await the arrival of the Charity and Swan, and the Pilgrims supported them throughout the summer of 1622. In August, after the arrival of the Swan, the merchant's company built a trading post stockade in the abandoned native settlement of Wessaguscus, now Weymouth, Massachusetts, under the leadership of Weston's brother-in-law: Richard Greene.^[1]^[5]^[8]^[7]

Pratt's journey through the snow

According to the Pilgrim Hall Museum, the settlement at Wessagusset was problematic from the start. Greene soon died during a visit to Plymouth and was replaced by John Sanders.^[7] "They soon fell into difficulties through behaving, generally, in a very foolish and improvident fashion. They also severely angered the local Native Americans by stealing their corn." ^[5]

In his memoir of travels to the colony, Christopher Levett complains of company members, "They neither applied themselves to planting of corn, nor taking of fish, more than their present use, but went about to build castles in the aire, and making of forts, neglecting the plentiful time of fishing; when winter came, their forts would not keep out hunger, and they having no provision beforehand, and wanting both powder and shot to kill deer and fowl, many starved to death and the rest hardly escaped." (In their defense, Eleazer Pratt mentions that the company had settled their colony too late to plant food for the winter.)^[9]^[1]^[7]

Members of the company stole both from the natives led by Pecksuot and from their own countrymen in Plimoth. According to Eleazer Pratt's narrative, "The half-starved company of Weston had some among their number who could not resist the temptation of stealing and eating the inviting grain. The Plymouth people detected some of them trespassing thus, and had them severely whipped, for what an old chronicler termed 'a few caps of corn'."^[1]

According to Pratt's own narrative, he had become uneasy and told his company that someone needed to warn the Plimoth settlement, lest they all be slain. No one else was willing to accompany him.^[7] Believing the natives were simply waiting for the snow to melt, Pratt pretended to go out gathering nuts and instead set out walking 25 miles in the snow, journeying for several days without food. Pratt famously walked backward through the snow on part of this journey, hoping to deceive anyone following him into thinking he journeyed in the opposite direction.^[1]

Standish and his men journeyed to Wessagusett to protect the company there, killing several of the chiefs (Pecksuoth and another sachem called Wittawaumet) in the process of the journey.^[11] Pratt did not accompany them, as he was "faint".^[1] Instead he "asked that hee might there remaine until things were settled at the other plantation."^[7]^[10]

When he was able, Pratt rejoined his company at Piscataqua, but soon thereafter Weston's group abandoned the stockade at Wessagusset.^[6]^[7] Pratt was involved in recorded conflicts with natives of Massachusetts in Wessgusett, Agawam (Ipswich) and Dorchester. According to Pratt, nine of the Wessagusett company died of famine, two were slain by natives of the area, and one died on his way to the fishing ships after the colony abandoned the town.^[1]

Settlement in Plymouth

Sometime in late 1623, Weston ended his venture. Most of the remaining company returned home. Phineas Pratt and others joined the Plymouth settlement, where they were received with mixed feelings, and later listed as if they were passengers of the Anne.^[7] According to John Winslow, "I would not be understood to think there were no well-deserving persons among them".^[12]

Pratt was included in a division of land in Plymouth in 1623, where he and Joshua Pratt were assigned, jointly, two acres of land. In 1624 when Plymouth was divided into twelve companies, Phineas and Joshua were assigned to Francis Cooke. At this time Plymouth comprised about 32 dwellings and was one half mile large.^[1]

Marriage and later life

In 1630, Phineas Pratt married Mary Priest, daughter of Degory Priest and his wife Sarah (Allerton) Vincent. Mary was born in England around 1612.^[5] Degory Priest had left his wife and daughters Mary and Sarah behind in Leiden, intending to return for them, but died during the difficult first winter of the settlement. His widow married again in Holland (her third marriage) to Cuthbert Cuthbertson (aka Godbert Godbertson), and arrived with her daughters and baby son on the ship Anne, in 1623.^[5]

Upon marrying Mary Priest (aka Marah Godbertson), Phineas became possessed of thirty acres of land on the high cliff, and they purchased thirty more at Winslow Stand near Phineas' land.^[1]

On August 6, 1646, Phineas sold his estate in Plymouth to John Cooke and around May 20th 1648, Pratt purchased a house and garden in Charlestown, Massachusetts, purchased from George Bunker, somewhere between the "windmill hill and that way which goes into Elbow Lane."^[1]

1662 and 1668 petitions to the General Court

In 1662, at the age of about 69, Pratt presented to the General Court of Massachusetts a request for financial assistance and to establish his status as a "First Comer" entitled to the benefits the earliest settlers of Massachusetts were afforded by law.^[5] To support this claim, Pratt submitted an extraordinary narrative of his early days in the settlement titled A declaration of the affaires of the Einglish People, that first inhabited New Eingland. ^[13]

In response, the court granted him three hundred acres of land "laid out in the wilderness on the east of the Merrimack River, near the upper end of the 'Nacoke Brooke'." (This was in Dunstable, near present day Litchfield, New Hampshire, though the value would not be able to be realized on this wild land for decades to come.)

Death and burial

On April 19, 1680, Phineas Pratt died in Charlestown, Massachusetts. According to his gravestone, he was "about 90 years".

The will of Phineas Pratt dates January 8, 1677. According to the records of the Pilgrim Hall Museum, the text is as follows:

The total value of all Pratt's goods was 32 pounds, 16 shillings, 06 pence. His heirs were given as: John (deceased), Peter (deceased), Samuel, Daniel, and Mary (his other three living children, Mercy, Aaron and Joseph, having disposed of their shares).^[1] His wife, Mary Priest Pratt, survived him by about nine years.^[15]

Further reading

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³{{Cite book|title=Phinehas Pratt and some of his descendants : a monograph|last=1813-1888.|first=Pratt, Eleazer Franklin|date=1985|publisher=University Microfilms International|oclc=961334724}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.plimoth.org/sites/default/files/media/pdf/pratt_phineas.pdf|title=Phineas Pratt|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Phineas-Pratt/6000000001325688511|title=Phineas Pratt|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/John-Pratt/6000000001325952210|title=Geni.com: John Henry Pratt|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷{{Cite web|url=http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/phineas_pratt.htm|title=Pilgrim Hall Museum: Phineas Pratt|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
6. ^¹²{{Cite web|url=http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/pdf/Phineas_Pratt_Narrative.pdf|title=Pilgrim Hall Museum: Narrative of Phineas Pratt|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷{{Cite book|title=MACDONOUGH-HACKSTAFF ANCESTRY (CLASSIC REPRINT).|last=RODNEY.|first=MACDONOUGH|date=2016|publisher=FORGOTTEN BOOKS|isbn=978-1334498046|oclc=981690694}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://plymoutharch.tripod.com/thewessagussettplantation/id3.html|title=PlymouthArch: Wessagusett Plantation|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
9. ^{{Cite book|title=Collections of the Mass Historical Society, 3rd Series, Vol VIII|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
10. ^¹{{Cite book|title=Bradford's history of Plymouth plantation, 1606-1646|last=Bradford|first=William|date=1908|publisher=C. Scribner's Sons|doi = 10.5479/sil.260574.39088006301972}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://worldhistoryproject.org/1623/4/6/myles-standish-leads-small-band-to-assassinate-native-american-warriors-at-wessagusset|title=World History Project, Myles Standish leads small band to assassinate native american warriors at Wessagusset|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
12. ^{{Cite book|title=Chronicles of the Pilgrim fathers of the colony of Plymouth, from 1602-1625|last=author.|first=Young, Alexander, 1800-1854|oclc=517483}}
13. ^{{Cite book|title=Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 4th series, Volume 4, 1858|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/pdf/Phineas_Pratt_Will_Inventory.pdf|title=Phineas Pratt Will & Inventory|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/34098395/mary-pratt|title=Find a Grave: Mary Priest Pratt|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}

English origins