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词条 AKT1
释义

  1. Function

  2. History

  3. Interactions

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Further reading

  7. External links

{{Move portions from|Protein kinase B|discuss=Talk:Protein kinase B#Merger proposal|date=September 2017}}{{Infobox_gene}}

RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKT1 gene. This enzyme belongs to the AKT subfamily of serine/threonine kinases that contain SH2 (Src homology 2-like) domains.[1] It is commonly referred to as PKB, or by both names as "Akt/PKB".

Function

The serine-threonine protein kinase AKT1 is catalytically inactive in serum-starved primary and immortalized fibroblasts. AKT1 and the related AKT2 are activated by platelet-derived growth factor. The activation is rapid and specific, and it is abrogated by mutations in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1. It was shown that the activation occurs through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In the developing nervous system AKT is a critical mediator of growth factor-induced neuronal survival. Survival factors can suppress apoptosis in a transcription-independent manner by activating the serine/threonine kinase AKT1, which then phosphorylates and inactivates components of the apoptotic machinery. Mice lacking Akt1 display a 25% reduction in body mass, indicating that Akt1 is critical for transmitting growth-promoting signals, most likely via the IGF1 receptor. Mice lacking Akt1 are also resistant to cancer: They experience considerable delay in tumor growth initiated by the large T antigen or the Neu oncogene. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in this gene causes Proteus syndrome.[2][3]

History

AKT (now also called AKT1) was originally identified as the oncogene in the transforming retrovirus, AKT8.[4] AKT8 was isolated from a spontaneous thymoma cell line derived from AKR mice by cocultivation with an indicator mink cell line. The transforming cellular sequences, v-akt, were cloned from a transformed mink cell clone and these sequences were used to identify Akt1 and Akt2 in a human clone library. AKT8 was isolated by Stephen Staal in the laboratory of Wallace P. Rowe; he subsequently cloned v-akt and human AKT1 and AKT2 while on staff at the Johns Hopkins Oncology Center.[5]

In 2011, a mutation in AKT1 was strongly associated with Proteus syndrome, the disease that probably affected the Elephant Man.[6]

The name Akt stands for Ak strain transforming. The origins of the Akt name date back to 1928, where J. Furth performed experimental studies on mice that developed spontaneous thymic lymphomas. Mice from three different stocks were studied, and the stocks were designated A, R, and S. Stock A was noted to yield many cancers, and inbred families were subsequently designated by a second small letter (Aa, Ab, Ac, etc.), and thus came the Ak strain of mice. Further inbreeding was undertaken with Ak mice at the Rockefeller Institute in 1936, leading to the designation of the AKR mouse strain. In 1977, a transforming retrovirus was isolated from the AKR mouse. This virus was named Akt-8, the "t" representing its transforming capabilities.

Interactions

AKT1 has been shown to interact with:

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • AKTIP,[7]
  • BRAF,[8]
  • BRCA1,[9][10]
  • C-Raf,[11]
  • CDKN1B,[12]
  • CHUK[13][14]
  • GAB2,[15]
  • HSP90AA1,[16][17][18]
  • ILK,[19][20][19]
  • KRT10,[20]
  • MAP2K4,[21]
  • MAP3K11,[22]
  • MAP3K8,[23]
  • MAPK14,[24]
  • MAPKAPK2,[24]
  • MARK2,[25]
  • MTCP1,[26][27]
  • MTOR,[28][29][30]
  • NPM1,[31]
  • NR4A1,[32]
  • NR3C4,[33]
  • PKN2,[34]
  • PRKCQ,[35]
  • PDPK1,[36][37]
  • PLXNA1,[38]
  • TCL1A,[26][27][39]
  • TRIB3,[40]
  • TSC1,[46][47]
  • TSC2,[41][42] and
  • YWHAZ.[43]
{{Div col end}}{{Clear}}

See also

  • AKT – the AKT family of proteins
  • AKT2 – the gene for the second member of the AKT family
  • AKT3 – the gene for the third member of the AKT family
  • Proteus syndrome
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=207}}{{Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases}}{{Enzymes}}{{Portal bar|Molecular and Cellular Biology|border=no}}

References

1. ^{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: AKT1 v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=207| accessdate = }}
2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lindhurst MJ, Sapp JC, Teer JK, Johnston JJ, Finn EM, Peters K, Turner J, Cannons JL, Bick D, Blakemore L, Blumhorst C, Brockmann K, Calder P, Cherman N, Deardorff MA, Everman DB, Golas G, Greenstein RM, Kato BM, Keppler-Noreuil KM, Kuznetsov SA, Miyamoto RT, Newman K, Ng D, O'Brien K, Rothenberg S, Schwartzentruber DJ, Singhal V, Tirabosco R, Upton J, Wientroub S, Zackai EH, Hoag K, Whitewood-Neal T, Robey PG, Schwartzberg PL, Darling TN, Tosi LL, Mullikin JC, Biesecker LG | title = A mosaic activating mutation in AKT1 associated with the Proteus syndrome | journal = N. Engl. J. Med. | volume = 365 | issue = 7 | pages = 611–9 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21793738 | pmc = 3170413 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1104017 }}
3. ^{{cite journal | author = Cohen MM | title = Proteus syndrome review: molecular, clinical, and pathologic features | journal = Clin. Genet. | volume = 85 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–9 | year = 2014 | pmid = 23992099 | doi = 10.1111/cge.12266 }}
4. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Staal SP, Hartley JW, Rowe WP | title = Isolation of transforming murine leukemia viruses from mice with a high incidence of spontaneous lymphoma | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 74 | issue = 7 | pages = 3065–7 | date = July 1977 | pmid = 197531 | pmc = 431413 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.74.7.3065 | url = }}
5. ^{{cite journal | author = Staal SP | title = Molecular cloning of the akt oncogene and its human homologues AKT1 and AKT2: amplification of AKT1 in a primary human gastric adenocarcinoma | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 84 | issue = 14 | pages = 5034–7 | date = July 1987 | pmid = 3037531 | pmc = 305241 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.84.14.5034 }}
6. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lindhurst MJ, Sapp JC, Teer JK, Johnston JJ, Finn EM, Peters K, Turner J, Cannons JL, Bick D, Blakemore L, Blumhorst C, Brockmann K, Calder P, Cherman N, Deardorff MA, Everman DB, Golas G, Greenstein RM, Kato BM, Keppler-Noreuil KM, Kuznetsov SA, Miyamoto RT, Newman K, Ng D, O'Brien K, Rothenberg S, Schwartzentruber DJ, Singhal V, Tirabosco R, Upton J, Wientroub S, Zackai EH, Hoag K, Whitewood-Neal T, Robey PG, Schwartzberg PL, Darling TN, Tosi LL, Mullikin JC, Biesecker LG | title = A Mosaic Activating Mutation in Associated with the Proteus Syndrome | journal = New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 365 | issue = 7 | pages = 611–619 | date = 27 July 2011 | pmid = 21793738 | pmc = 3170413 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1104017 }}
7. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Remy I, Michnick SW | title = Regulation of apoptosis by the Ft1 protein, a new modulator of protein kinase B/Akt | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 1493–504 | date = Feb 2004 | pmid = 14749367 | pmc = 344167 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.24.4.1493-1504.2004}}
8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Guan KL, Figueroa C, Brtva TR, Zhu T, Taylor J, Barber TD, Vojtek AB | title = Negative regulation of the serine/threonine kinase B-Raf by Akt | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 275 | issue = 35 | pages = 27354–9 | date = Sep 2000 | pmid = 10869359 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M004371200 }}
9. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Altiok S, Batt D, Altiok N, Papautsky A, Downward J, Roberts TM, Avraham H | title = Heregulin induces phosphorylation of BRCA1 through phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT in breast cancer cells | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 274 | issue = 45 | pages = 32274–8 | date = Nov 1999 | pmid = 10542266 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.274.45.32274}}
10. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Xiang T, Ohashi A, Huang Y, Pandita TK, Ludwig T, Powell SN, Yang Q | title = Negative Regulation of AKT Activation by BRCA1 | journal = Cancer Res. | volume = 68 | issue = 24 | pages = 10040–4 | date = Dec 2008 | pmid = 19074868 | pmc = 2605656 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3009 }}
11. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Zimmermann S, Moelling K | title = Phosphorylation and regulation of Raf by Akt (protein kinase B) | journal = Science | volume = 286 | issue = 5445 | pages = 1741–4 | date = Nov 1999 | pmid = 10576742 | doi = 10.1126/science.286.5445.1741}}
12. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Fujita N, Sato S, Katayama K, Tsuruo T | title = Akt-dependent phosphorylation of p27Kip1 promotes binding to 14-3-3 and cytoplasmic localization | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 32 | pages = 28706–13 | date = Aug 2002 | pmid = 12042314 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M203668200 }}
13. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Ozes ON, Mayo LD, Gustin JA, Pfeffer SR, Pfeffer LM, Donner DB | title = NF-kappaB activation by tumour necrosis factor requires the Akt serine-threonine kinase | journal = Nature | volume = 401 | issue = 6748 | pages = 82–5 | date = Sep 1999 | pmid = 10485710 | doi = 10.1038/43466 }}
14. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Romashkova JA, Makarov SS | title = NF-kappaB is a target of AKT in anti-apoptotic PDGF signalling | journal = Nature | volume = 401 | issue = 6748 | pages = 86–90 | date = Sep 1999 | pmid = 10485711 | doi = 10.1038/43474 }}
15. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lynch DK, Daly RJ | title = PKB-mediated negative feedback tightly regulates mitogenic signalling via Gab2 | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 21 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 72–82 | date = Jan 2002 | pmid = 11782427 | pmc = 125816 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/21.1.72}}
16. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Haendeler J, Hoffmann J, Rahman S, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S | title = Regulation of telomerase activity and anti-apoptotic function by protein-protein interaction and phosphorylation | journal = FEBS Lett. | volume = 536 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 180–6 | date = Feb 2003 | pmid = 12586360 | doi = 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00058-9}}
17. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Kawauchi K, Ihjima K, Yamada O | title = IL-2 increases human telomerase reverse transcriptase activity transcriptionally and posttranslationally through phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt, heat shock protein 90, and mammalian target of rapamycin in transformed NK cells | journal = J. Immunol. | volume = 174 | issue = 9 | pages = 5261–9 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15843522 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.174.9.5261}}
18. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Sato S, Fujita N, Tsuruo T | title = Modulation of Akt kinase activity by binding to Hsp90 | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 97 | issue = 20 | pages = 10832–7 | date = Sep 2000 | pmid = 10995457 | pmc = 27109 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.170276797 }}
19. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Delcommenne M, Tan C, Gray V, Rue L, Woodgett J, Dedhar S | title = Phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase-dependent regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and protein kinase B/AKT by the integrin-linked kinase | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 95 | issue = 19 | pages = 11211–6 | date = Sep 1998 | pmid = 9736715 | pmc = 21621 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.95.19.11211}}
20. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Paramio JM, Segrelles C, Ruiz S, Jorcano JL | title = Inhibition of protein kinase B (PKB) and PKCzeta mediates keratin K10-induced cell cycle arrest | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 21 | issue = 21 | pages = 7449–59 | date = Nov 2001 | pmid = 11585925 | pmc = 99917 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.21.21.7449-7459.2001 }}
21. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Park HS, Kim MS, Huh SH, Park J, Chung J, Kang SS, Choi EJ | title = Akt (protein kinase B) negatively regulates SEK1 by means of protein phosphorylation | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 4 | pages = 2573–8 | date = Jan 2002 | pmid = 11707464 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M110299200 }}
22. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Barthwal MK, Sathyanarayana P, Kundu CN, Rana B, Pradeep A, Sharma C, Woodgett JR, Rana A | title = Negative regulation of mixed lineage kinase 3 by protein kinase B/AKT leads to cell survival | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 278 | issue = 6 | pages = 3897–902 | date = Feb 2003 | pmid = 12458207 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M211598200 }}
23. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Kane LP, Mollenauer MN, Xu Z, Turck CW, Weiss A | title = Akt-dependent phosphorylation specifically regulates Cot induction of NF-kappa B-dependent transcription | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 22 | issue = 16 | pages = 5962–74 | date = Aug 2002 | pmid = 12138205 | pmc = 133991 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.22.16.5962-5974.2002}}
24. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Rane MJ, Coxon PY, Powell DW, Webster R, Klein JB, Pierce W, Ping P, McLeish KR | title = p38 Kinase-dependent MAPKAPK-2 activation functions as 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-2 for Akt in human neutrophils | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 276 | issue = 5 | pages = 3517–23 | date = Feb 2001 | pmid = 11042204 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M005953200 }}
25. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Dickey CA, Koren J, Zhang YJ, Xu YF, Jinwal UK, Birnbaum MJ, Monks B, Sun M, Cheng JQ, Patterson C, Bailey RM, Dunmore J, Soresh S, Leon C, Morgan D, Petrucelli L | title = Akt and CHIP coregulate tau degradation through coordinated interactions | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 105 | issue = 9 | pages = 3622–7 | date = Mar 2008 | pmid = 18292230 | pmc = 2265134 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0709180105 }}
26. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Laine J, Künstle G, Obata T, Noguchi M | title = Differential regulation of Akt kinase isoforms by the members of the TCL1 oncogene family | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 5 | pages = 3743–51 | date = Feb 2002 | pmid = 11707444 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M107069200 }}
27. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Laine J, Künstle G, Obata T, Sha M, Noguchi M | title = The protooncogene TCL1 is an Akt kinase coactivator | journal = Mol. Cell | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 395–407 | date = Aug 2000 | pmid = 10983986 | doi = 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)00039-3}}
28. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Sarbassov DD, Guertin DA, Ali SM, Sabatini DM | title = Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/PKB by the rictor-mTOR complex | journal = Science | volume = 307 | issue = 5712 | pages = 1098–101 | date = Feb 2005 | pmid = 15718470 | doi = 10.1126/science.1106148 }}
29. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Sekulić A, Hudson CC, Homme JL, Yin P, Otterness DM, Karnitz LM, Abraham RT | title = A direct linkage between the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT signaling pathway and the mammalian target of rapamycin in mitogen-stimulated and transformed cells | journal = Cancer Res. | volume = 60 | issue = 13 | pages = 3504–13 | date = Jul 2000 | pmid = 10910062 | doi = }}
30. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheng SW, Fryer LG, Carling D, Shepherd PR | title = Thr2446 is a novel mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation site regulated by nutrient status | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 279 | issue = 16 | pages = 15719–22 | date = Apr 2004 | pmid = 14970221 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.C300534200 }}
31. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee SB, Xuan Nguyen TL, Choi JW, Lee KH, Cho SW, Liu Z, Ye K, Bae SS, Ahn JY | title = Nuclear Akt interacts with B23/NPM and protects it from proteolytic cleavage, enhancing cell survival | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 105 | issue = 43 | pages = 16584–9 | date = Oct 2008 | pmid = 18931307 | pmc = 2569968 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0807668105 }}
32. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Pekarsky Y, Hallas C, Palamarchuk A, Koval A, Bullrich F, Hirata Y, Bichi R, Letofsky J, Croce CM | title = Akt phosphorylates and regulates the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 98 | issue = 7 | pages = 3690–4 | date = Mar 2001 | pmid = 11274386 | pmc = 31113 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.051003198 }}
33. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin HK, Yeh S, Kang HY, Chang C | title = Akt suppresses androgen-induced apoptosis by phosphorylating and inhibiting androgen receptor | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 98 | issue = 13 | pages = 7200–5 | date = Jun 2001 | pmid = 11404460 | pmc = 34646 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.121173298 }}
34. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Koh H, Lee KH, Kim D, Kim S, Kim JW, Chung J | title = Inhibition of Akt and its anti-apoptotic activities by tumor necrosis factor-induced protein kinase C-related kinase 2 (PRK2) cleavage | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 275 | issue = 44 | pages = 34451–8 | date = Nov 2000 | pmid = 10926925 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M001753200 }}
35. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Bauer B, Krumböck N, Fresser F, Hochholdinger F, Spitaler M, Simm A, Uberall F, Schraven B, Baier G | title = Complex formation and cooperation of protein kinase C theta and Akt1/protein kinase B alpha in the NF-kappa B transactivation cascade in Jurkat T cells | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 276 | issue = 34 | pages = 31627–34 | date = Aug 2001 | pmid = 11410591 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M103098200 }}
36. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Barry FA, Gibbins JM | title = Protein kinase B is regulated in platelets by the collagen receptor glycoprotein VI | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 15 | pages = 12874–8 | date = Apr 2002 | pmid = 11825911 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M200482200 }}
37. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Persad S, Attwell S, Gray V, Mawji N, Deng JT, Leung D, Yan J, Sanghera J, Walsh MP, Dedhar S | title = Regulation of protein kinase B/Akt-serine 473 phosphorylation by integrin-linked kinase: critical roles for kinase activity and amino acids arginine 211 and serine 343 | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 276 | issue = 29 | pages = 27462–9 | date = Jul 2001 | pmid = 11313365 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M102940200 }}
38. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Turner LJ, Nicholls S, Hall A | title = The activity of the plexin-A1 receptor is regulated by Rac | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 279 | issue = 32 | pages = 33199–205 | date = Aug 2004 | pmid = 15187088 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M402943200 }}
39. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=French SW, Shen RR, Koh PJ, Malone CS, Mallick P, Teitell MA | title = A modeled hydrophobic domain on the TCL1 oncoprotein mediates association with AKT at the cytoplasmic membrane | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 41 | issue = 20 | pages = 6376–82 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 12009899 | doi = 10.1021/bi016068o}}
40. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Du K, Herzig S, Kulkarni RN, Montminy M | title = TRB3: a tribbles homolog that inhibits Akt/PKB activation by insulin in liver | journal = Science | volume = 300 | issue = 5625 | pages = 1574–7 | date = Jun 2003 | pmid = 12791994 | doi = 10.1126/science.1079817 }}
41. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Dan HC, Sun M, Yang L, Feldman RI, Sui XM, Ou CC, Nellist M, Yeung RS, Halley DJ, Nicosia SV, Pledger WJ, Cheng JQ | title = Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway regulates tuberous sclerosis tumor suppressor complex by phosphorylation of tuberin | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 38 | pages = 35364–70 | date = Sep 2002 | pmid = 12167664 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M205838200 }}
42. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Roux PP, Ballif BA, Anjum R, Gygi SP, Blenis J | title = Tumor-promoting phorbol esters and activated Ras inactivate the tuberous sclerosis tumor suppressor complex via p90 ribosomal S6 kinase | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 101 | issue = 37 | pages = 13489–94 | date = Sep 2004 | pmid = 15342917 | pmc = 518784 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0405659101 }}
43. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Powell DW, Rane MJ, Chen Q, Singh S, McLeish KR | title = Identification of 14-3-3zeta as a protein kinase B/Akt substrate | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 24 | pages = 21639–42 | date = Jun 2002 | pmid = 11956222 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M203167200 }}

Further reading

{{refbegin|35em}}
  • {{cite journal | author = Hemmings BA | title = Akt signaling: linking membrane events to life and death decisions | journal = Science | volume = 275 | issue = 5300 | pages = 628–30 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9019819 | doi = 10.1126/science.275.5300.628 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Vanhaesebroeck B, Alessi DR | title = The PI3K-PDK1 connection: more than just a road to PKB | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 346 | issue = 3 | pages = 561–76 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10698680 | pmc = 1220886 | doi = 10.1042/0264-6021:3460561 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Chan TO, Rittenhouse SE, Tsichlis PN | title = AKT/PKB and other D3 phosphoinositide-regulated kinases: kinase activation by phosphoinositide-dependent phosphorylation | journal = Annu. Rev. Biochem. | volume = 68 | issue = | pages = 965–1014 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10872470 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.965 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Pekarsky Y, Hallas C, Croce CM | title = Molecular basis of mature T-cell leukemia | journal = JAMA | volume = 286 | issue = 18 | pages = 2308–14 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11710897 | doi = 10.1001/jama.286.18.2308 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Dickson LM, Rhodes CJ | title = Pancreatic beta-cell growth and survival in the onset of type 2 diabetes: a role for protein kinase B in the Akt? | journal = Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. | volume = 287 | issue = 2 | pages = E192–8 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15271644 | doi = 10.1152/ajpendo.00031.2004 }}
  • {{cite journal | author = Manning BD | title = Balancing Akt with S6K: implications for both metabolic diseases and tumorigenesis | journal = J. Cell Biol. | volume = 167 | issue = 3 | pages = 399–403 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15533996 | pmc = 2172491 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.200408161 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Shinohara M, Chung YJ, Saji M, Ringel MD | title = AKT in thyroid tumorigenesis and progression | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 148 | issue = 3 | pages = 942–7 | year = 2007 | pmid = 16946008 | doi = 10.1210/en.2006-0937 }}
{{refend}}

External links

  • AKT1 Standards - Learn more about AKT1 Reference Controls
  • {{UCSC gene info|AKT1}}

2 : EC 2.7.11|Oncogenes

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