| 词条 | Pindara Group of Temples | ||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Pindara temples | image = Durvasa Rishi's Ashram. Dhyan Mandir, South West side view 1.jpg | caption = Temple No. 1 from southwest, typical Maitraka superstructure is visible | map_type = India Gujarat | map_caption = Location in Gujarat | coordinates = {{coord| 22.264560|N|69.252885|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} | location = Pindara, Devbhoomi Dwarka district, Gujarat | locale = | elevation_m = | deity = Shiva | festivals = | architecture = Maitraka-Saindhava (neo-Dravidic Maitraka, Nagara and early Maha-Gurjara) | temple_quantity = 5 | monument_quantity = 1 (mandapa) | inscriptions = | year_completed = 7th to 10th century }} The temples at Pindara, locally known as Durvasa Rishi Ashram, in Kalyanpur Taluka of Devbhoomi Dwarka district, Gujarat, India belongs to Maitraka-Saindhava period (7th to 10th century). The temples are located near sea, about eleven miles east of Dwarka.[1][2] HistoryThese temples are built between 7th and 10th century.[2] The Phamsana style temples belongs to middle of 8th century, built during the reign of Saindhavas. Large number of sculptures and Saindhava coins, for the first time, were found during the excavations in 1965.[1][3] The monuments are associated with Durvasa Rishi by locals and called Durvasa Rishi Ashram.[2][4] The site is inscribed as the Monument of National Importance (N-GJ-121) and is maintained by Vadodara Circle of the Archeological Survey of India.[5] ArchitectureThere are five temples and a long pillared mandapa within an enclosure.[6][3][4] Temple No. 1 (old shrine/Sun Temple/Dhyan Mandir) is built in neo-Dravidic Phamsana type, according to the classification by M. A. Dhaky and J. M. Nanavati. It has square cella and plain walls on which rises a five tiered superstructure from a vimana-vedika base. These tiers has chandrashala engravings in decreasing numbers from five to two while the topmost tier is lost and there is karnakutas at the corners. The temple has lost its mandapa. The temple may have been constructed in sandhara layout. If true, it seems that the exterior walls were disappeared long ago. This temple is east facing.[1][7] Temples No. 2 and 3 are both of phamsana type, of penthouse variety. These temples show the early Maha-Gurjara architectural influence.[1][4] These temples are west facing. Temple No. 2 has a Nagara ground plan and an open porch with short pillars on dado. The dado, on its east side of the temple, has pillar-motif and niches, similar to the Gop Temple. The roof has only its lowermost course surviving and there is a row of dentils below it. Above the plain door-frame of this temple, there is a panel depicting the marriage of Shiva and Parvati. The faces of the demons in this panel has similarities with the panel found on the parapet of the Sun temple at Akhodar.[1] Temple No. 3 is a square in plan and is smaller in size. It had a superstructure similar to the Temple No. 2.[1] Temple No. 4 is also similar to it but is east facing. These two temple has open porch with short pillars on dado. The west facing Temple No. 5 is a square cella with plain walls crowned by multi-tiered phamsana type superstructure.[4] In 2007, the remnants of the submerged temple complex were found north of the existing temple complex. The temple has only its jagati (plinth) surviving which suggest the temple was east facing. They also found the yoni of Shivalinga suggesting that they were Shiva temples. The temple complex may have submerged due to rise in sea level and seismic activity.[2] GalleryReferences1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal | last=Nanavati | first=J. M. | last2=Dhaky | first2=M. A. | title=The Maitraka and the Saindhava Temples of Gujarat| journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum | volume=26 | year=1969 | pages=58, 77–78 | doi=10.2307/1522666 | jstor=1522666 }} {{Hindu temples in Gujarat}}2. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Gaur|first=A. S.|last2=Tripathi|first2=Sila|year=2007|others=Sundaresh, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa|title=A submerged temple complex off Pindara, on the northwestern coast of Saurashtra|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27667438|journal=Man and Environment|publisher=Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies|volume=XXXII|issue=2|pages=37–40|via=ResearchGate}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|title=Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hwVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=978-90-04-03691-8|page=42|year=1928}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|last=Subrahmanyam|first=R.|date=March–June 1965|title=Pindara and its Antiquities|url=|journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute|publisher=Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|volume=XIV|issue=3–4|pages=419–439|via=}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_gujarat.asp|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Gujarat - Archaeological Survey of India|last=|first=|date=|website=asi.nic.in|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-18}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Prāci-jyotī: Digest of Indological Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AL45AQAAIAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Kurukshetra University|page=49}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Sompura|first=Kantilal F.|title=The Structural Temples of Gujarat, Upto 1600 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXTqAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Gujarat University|pages=501–502}} 12 : Hindu temples in Gujarat|7th-century Hindu temples|8th-century Hindu temples|9th-century Hindu temples|10th-century Hindu temples|Cultural history of Gujarat|Devbhoomi Dwarka district|Shiva temples in India|Tourist attractions in Gujarat|Archaeological sites in Gujarat|7th-century establishments in India|Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat |
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