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词条 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
释义

  1. Background

  2. Timeline

  3. Victims

  4. Suspect

  5. Criminal charges and proceedings

  6. Reactions

     United States  International  Local  Media and organizations  Vigils and rallies  Presidential visit  Neo-Nazis and white supremacists  Fundraising 

  7. See also

  8. Notes

  9. References

  10. External links

{{short description|mass shooting}}{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2018}}{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
| image = Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha synagogue facade.jpg
| image_size = 310
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = People visit the memorials to victims of the mass shooting outside the Tree of Life synagogue on November 4, 2018{{OSM Location map
|coord={{Coord|40.4438489|-79.9230939}}
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|fullscreen-opftion=1
| partof = Mass shootings in the United States
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation,
5898 Wilkins Avenue,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| target = Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation
| coordinates = {{coord|40|26|37|N|79|55|17|W|region:US_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| date = {{start date|2018|10|27}}
| time = 9:54–11:08 a.m.
| timezone = EDT
| type = Mass shooting
| fatalities = 11
| injuries = 7 (including the suspect)
| victims =
| weapons = {{ubl|AR-15 style semi-automatic rifle
(Colt AR-15 SP1)[1][2]

Three Glock .357 SIG handguns[1]}}


| numparts =
| dfens =
| motive = *Antisemitism, belief in the white genocide conspiracy theory
  • Domestic terrorism[2]

| inquiry =
| coroner =
| accused = Robert Gregory Bowers
| convicted =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| charges = {{ubl|63 federal criminal counts| 36 state criminal counts}}
| litigation =
}}

The Pittsburgh synagogue shooting was a mass shooting that occurred at the Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation{{efn|{{Lang-he-n|עֵץ חַיִּים – אוֹר לְשִׂמְחָה}}[3]}} in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on October 27, 2018, while Shabbat morning services were being held. Eleven people were killed and seven were injured. It was the deadliest attack on the Jewish community in the United States.[4][5]

The sole suspect, 46-year-old Robert Gregory Bowers,[8][9] was arrested and charged with 63 federal crimes, some of which are capital crimes.[10] He has pleaded not guilty.[6] He separately faces 36 charges in Pennsylvania state court.[8][13] Using the online social network Gab,[7] Bowers had earlier posted anti-Semitic comments against the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS)[8][9] in which Dor Hadash[10] and Tree of Life[11] was a supporting participant. Referring to Central American migrant caravans and immigrants, he posted on Gab shortly before the attack that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."[12]

Some sources argued that the incident should be referred to as an act of domestic terrorism.[13][14][15]

Background

{{Antisemitism}}

Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation is a Conservative Jewish synagogue. The synagogue describes itself as a "traditional, progressive, and egalitarian congregation".[23] It is located in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, {{convert|1|mi|km}} east of Carnegie Mellon University and about {{convert|5|mi|km}} east of downtown Pittsburgh.[16][25] The Squirrel Hill neighborhood is one of the largest predominantly Jewish neighborhoods in the United States and has historically been the center of Pittsburgh's Jewish community, with 26 percent of the city's Jewish population living in the area.[17][18][19]

Originally founded as an Orthodox Jewish congregation in 1864 in downtown Pittsburgh, Tree of Life merged in 2010 with the recently founded Congregation Or L'Simcha.[20] The modern synagogue building, located at the intersection of Wilkins Avenue and Shady Avenue in Squirrel Hill, was built in 1953; it rents space to Dor Hadash,{{efn|{{Lang-he-n|דוֹר חָדָשׁ}}}} a Reconstructionist congregation; and New Light, another Conservative congregation.[21][22][23] The synagogue's main sanctuary has a capacity of 1,250 people.[24]

Although Squirrel Hill has a low crime rate and is not generally regarded as racially tense, local rabbinic student Neal Rosenblum was murdered in the neighborhood in 1986 in an antisemitic hate crime.[25]

The massacre occurred just after two independent reports from Columbia University and the Anti-Defamation League saw a spike in anti-Semitic activity online, especially on the popular social networking platforms Instagram and Twitter.[26][27][28][29][30]

The immediate rise in the months of August to October was connected to the 2018 US midterm elections,[31] with a similar rise having occurred during the 2016 US election,[26] with the midterms being a "rallying point" for far-right extremists to organize efforts to spread antisemitism among the populace online.[27] The intervening years between 2016 and 2018 saw rising indicators of antisemitism in American public life, including a 57% rise in antisemitic incidents in 2017[29][28] in context of rising hate crimes against other groups including Muslims and African Americans as reported by the FBI,[29] a wave of vandalizations of hundreds of Jewish gravestones in Pennsylvania and Missouri,[27] and a multiplication by 2 of antisemitic incidents on university campuses.[30] In 2017, the widely publicized Charlottesville riots featured Nazi symbols, salutes, and the slogan "Blood and Soil" [30] amid explicit and implicitly racist and antisemitic rhetoric. Online, the reports found a large proportion of the antisemitic material was spread through the medium of conspiracy theories concerning wealthy Jewish individuals including billionaire George Soros, with Columbia University's Jon Albright claiming these represented the "worst sample" of all the hate speech he had seen on Instagram.[26]

Timeline

At 9:45 a.m. three services were underway in the Tree of Life synagogue which housed three congregations. Tree of Life and New Light had both just begun separate Shabbat morning service in the Pervin Chapel[50] and basement, respectively. Dor Hadash was near the front of the building before their 10:00 a.m. Torah study session.[32]

At 9:50 a.m. EDT (13:50 UTC), a gunman described as a "bearded heavy-set white male" entered the building, opened fire and was "shooting for about 20 minutes".[33] He was armed with a Colt AR-15 semi-automatic rifle (cited by authorities as an "assault rifle")[34] and three Glock .357 SIG semi-automatic pistols, all four of which he fired, according to authorities.[4][35][36][37] Approximately 75 people were inside the building at the time.[38] The first two shot were the Rosenthal brothers at the main entrance, after which the shooter headed downstairs to New Light. Some hearing the shots did not initially recognize what they were: upstairs Rabbi Jeffrey Myers thought it was a falling coatrack.[39]

By 9:54 a.m., police began receiving multiple calls from people barricaded in the building reporting the attack.[40][41][42]

At 9:55 a.m.,[43] the leader of New Light's services, Melvin Wax, was shot after exiting a closet, but the shooter did not notice the other three congregants who remained in the closet. Two other members of New Light (Gottfried and Stein) were killed in the basement kitchen.[38] Dor Hadash lost one member, Jerry Rabinowitz, a physician who had left the congregation at the sound of gunshots to see if anyone had been hurt.[38]

At 9:57 a.m.,[43] the shooter left the basement and headed upstairs to the larger Tree of Life service. About 13 worshippers had gathered for the Shabbat service of the Tree of Life congregation in an upstairs chapel. Myers helped four of them evacuate the chapel through a side door, but eight of the worshippers remained behind, of whom seven were killed and one wounded by the gunman.[38][44]

Police sources said the shooter shouted at some point during the attack, "All Jews must die!"[40][45]

At 9:59 a.m., police arrived at the synagogue.[41][46] The gunman fired on police from the entryway, apparently on his way out of the building, and police returned fire, causing the gunman to retreat into the building.[38][47]

At 10:30 a.m., tactical teams entered the building and were again fired upon by the gunman. Officers returned fire and wounded him, leading him to retreat to a room on the third floor of the synagogue.[41] In the exchange of gunfire two SWAT members were also wounded, one critically.[47]

At 11:08 a.m., the gunman crawled out of the room in which he was hiding and surrendered.[48] As he received medical care in police custody, he allegedly told a SWAT officer that he wanted all Jews to die, and that Jews were committing genocide against his people, according to a criminal complaint filed in Allegheny County.[49]

Victims

Eleven people were killed,[50][12][51] including three on the ground level and four in the synagogue's basement.[52] Among the dead were two brothers (the Rosenthals) and a married couple (the Simons).[33][53] At least six others were injured, including four police officers.[40] Five people were transported to UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, four requiring surgery, while one was treated and released by the afternoon. Another victim was transported to UPMC Mercy, while the suspected shooter was taken to Allegheny General Hospital, where three Jews were among those who treated him.[54]

Those killed were:

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Joyce Fienberg, 75
  • Richard Gottfried, 65
  • Rose Mallinger, 97
  • Jerry Rabinowitz, 66
  • Cecil Rosenthal, 59
  • David Rosenthal, 54
  • Bernice Simon, 84
  • Sylvan Simon, 86
  • Daniel Stein, 71
  • Melvin Wax, 88
  • Irving Younger, 69
{{Div col end}}

Of the four injured officers, three were shot and one was injured by glass fragments.[38]

Suspect

Robert Gregory Bowers (born September 4, 1972),[8][55][56] a 46-year-old resident of Baldwin, Pennsylvania, was arrested as the suspected shooter.[57][58][59][60] Bowers' parents divorced when he was about one year old.[95] His father reportedly committed suicide at the age of 27,[96] when Bowers was about 6 years old.[61][95][62] Bowers' mother remarried to a Florida man when Bowers was a toddler, and he lived with them in Florida until they separated a year after their marriage.[95] Upon returning to Pennsylvania, Robert and his mother lived with his mother's parents in Whitehall. His grandparents took responsibility for raising him, because his mother suffered from health problems.[63] Bowers attended Baldwin High School in the Baldwin-Whitehall School District from August 1986 to November 1989. He then dropped out of high school and worked as a trucker.[64][65] Neighbors described Bowers as "a ghost" and said he rarely interacted with others.[57]

According to accounts by Bowers' coworkers of 20 years ago, and analysis of his recent social media posts, what started out as staunch conservatism transitioned into white nationalism; at one point Bowers was fascinated by radio host Jim Quinn but at a later point he became a follower of "aggressive online provocateurs of the right wing’s fringe."[66] He was heavily involved in websites such as Gab and promoted antisemitic conspiracy theories through social media sites.[67]

Gab has been described as "extremist friendly"[68] to neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and the alt-right.[68] Bowers' Gab profile was registered in January 2018 under the handle "onedingo", and the account's description was: "Jews are the children of Satan ({{Bibleverse|John|8:44}}). The Lord Jesus Christ [has] come in the flesh." reflecting Christian Identity beliefs{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}. The cover picture was a photo with the number 1488, which is used by neo-Nazis and white supremacists to evoke David Lane's "Fourteen Words" and the Nazi slogan Heil Hitler. He published posts which supported the white genocide conspiracy theory such as one which said "Daily Reminder: Diversity means chasing down the last white person".[69] Bowers also stated that supporters of the QAnon conspiracy theory were "deluded" and being tricked.[70][71][72] He also re-posted content by other anti-Semitic, neo-Nazi, white nationalist/supremacist and Holocaust-denying users such as Patrick Little and /pol/, as well as reposting comments in support of the Southern California-based alt-right fight club Rise Above Movement (RAM) who were present at Charlottesville and were later convicted and arrested by the FBI in October for violence against counterprotestors and the "Western chauvinist" Proud Boys (led by Gavin McInnes) who were arrested for violence against Antifa outside the Metropolitan Republican Club in New York City the same month.[73][74][75][76][77][78] He also criticized President Donald Trump for being a "globalist, not a nationalist"[79] and for supposedly being controlled and surrounded by Jews.[80] In another post, he wrote, “There is no #MAGA as long as there is a kike infestation.”[60] Other posts attacked African Americans with racial slurs and images related to lynching, and attacked women who have relationships with black men.[81] He also used his online accounts to post conspiracy theories regarding investor and philanthropist George Soros.[82] Bowers also had links to the far-right and neo-Nazis in the United Kingdom according to security sources.[83]

A month before the attack, Bowers posted photos showing the results of his target practice, and a photo of his three handguns, calling them his "glock family".[76] In the post, he identified the .357 SIG handguns as Glock 31, Glock 32, and Glock 33.[75]

Bowers also worked with alt-right associated blogger and League of the South (another organization present at the Charlottesville riots) member Brad Griffin (aka Hunter Wallace) of Occidental Dissent on doxxing an unidentified left-wing blogger posting "that address is not the most current for him. I can get you the most recent outside of gab".[84]

In the weeks before the shooting, Bowers made anti-Semitic posts directed at the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS)[8][9] who sponsored National Refugee Shabbat[85] of October 19–20, in which Dor Hadash[10] and Tree of Life[11] participated. He claimed Jews were aiding members of Central American caravans moving towards the United States border and referred to members of those caravans as "invaders".[7] Shortly before the attack, in an apparent reference to immigrants to the United States, he posted on Gab that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."[12][86][60] According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, "the mention of 'optics' references a disagreement that has raged within the white nationalist movement since the Unite the Right rally in 2017 about how best to get their message across to the general public".[87]

After the shooting, Gab suspended Bowers' profile and pledged to cooperate with the criminal investigation.[70][78] Shortly after the attack, PayPal, Stripe, Joyent, and Medium pulled their support for Gab, and GoDaddy, which the Gab domains were registered under, required Gab to relocate their domain name hosting to a different service in the wake of the shooting, effectively shutting Gab down in the short term.[88]

Criminal charges and proceedings

Bowers was charged by the U.S. Department of Justice with 29 federal crimes.[35][89]

Bowers appeared in federal court in Pittsburgh on October 29, to hear the charges against him. His attorney was appointed by the court and he was remanded to the custody of the United States Marshals Service without bail pending further hearings.[90] Bowers was indicted on 44 counts by the federal grand jury on October 31. The charges carry a maximum penalty of death or 535 years in federal prison.[91] The counts included hate crimes,[92] 11 counts of obstruction of exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death, 11 counts of use of a firearm to commit murder during a crime of violence, four counts of obstruction of exercise of religious beliefs resulting in bodily injury to a public safety officer, and three counts of use and discharge of a firearm during a crime of violence.[33][89][93][94] On November 1, Bowers entered a plea of not guilty, "as is typical at this stage of the proceedings" his public defender said.[95]

On January 29, 2019, the grand jury indicted Bowers on an additional 19 counts, 13 of which were for hate crimes.[96] On February 11, 2019, Bowers was arraigned in federal court.[6] Bowers is represented by defense attorney Judy Clarke.[6]

Bowers was also charged with 36 state criminal counts, including 11 counts of criminal homicide, 6 counts of aggravated assault, 6 counts of attempted criminal homicide, and 13 counts of ethnic intimidation.[97][35]

Reactions

United States

President Donald Trump, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf, Braddock Mayor John Fetterman, and Pittsburgh City Councilman Corey O'Connor released statements about the incident through Twitter.[98] Trump called the shooting a wicked, antisemitic act of "pure evil."[98] He also opined that the shooting was preventable: "If there was an armed guard inside the temple, they would have been able to stop him".[99][100][101] Trump suggested cases such as this call for the death penalty.[101]

Cecilia Wang of the American Civil Liberties Union said the attack, along with other recent unrest, was inspired by elements of Trump's rhetoric.[102] Vice President Mike Pence denied any such connection in an NBC News interview that night.[103][104] Over 2,000 people, including many from the local Jewish community, protested against Trump's presence, chanting "words have meaning", and carrying signs with such slogans as "We build bridges not walls".[105]

From October 27 to 31, all US flags on public and military grounds were flown at half-staff in memory of the victims.[106]

International

Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemned the "horrifying anti-Semitic brutality", adding "the whole of Israel grieves with the families of the dead."[107] Israel's education and diaspora affairs minister, Naftali Bennett, immediately left for Pittsburgh to visit the synagogue, meet with community members, and participate in the funerals of the victims,[108] and directed the Ministry of Diaspora Affairs "to assess and prepare to assist the Pittsburgh Jewish community, 'including the need for emergency and resilience teams that immediately left Israel for psychological assistance and community rehabilitation.'"[109][110][111] Israel's cabinet stood for a moment's silence on October 28 to honor the victims.[112]Chief Rabbi of Israel David Lau said "any murder of any Jew in any part of the world for being Jewish is unforgivable".[113] He described the location as "a place with a profound Jewish flavor". Many news reports said he refused to refer to the Conservative congregation as a "synagogue" since it is non-Orthodox, but in the interview in question, he asked rhetorically, "Why does it matter in what synagogue or what liturgy they were praying?!" (emphasis in the original).[114] Prominent non-Orthodox Israeli religious leaders and scholars rejected his statement.[115][116][117]Tel Aviv Municipality lit their city hall building with the colors of the American flag in solidarity with the victims of the Pittsburgh synagogue attack.[118][119] An image of the Israeli flag next to the American flag was projected onto Jerusalem's Western Wall.[120]Pope Francis denounced the "inhuman act of violence" in his Sunday prayers in St. Peter's Square on October 28, leading prayers for the dead and wounded, as well as their families. He asked God "to help us to extinguish the flames of hatred that develop in our societies".[121]

Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs Javad Zarif offered his thoughts and prayers to the victims of the shooting, and said "Extremism and terrorism know no race or religion, and must be condemned in all cases".[122]

Hamas offered condolences and condemned the attack.[123]Jan Kickert, Austrian Permanent Representative to the United Nations, said: "The attack ... was an attack on all of us, on what we stand for – religious liberty, human rights. We are committed to the safety and security of Jews wherever they are. I say this with growing up and living with the shame that my forefathers were among the worst perpetrators in Nazi times."[124]

Local

Immediately after the shooting, the campus of Carnegie Mellon University was placed on lockdown and all university-sponsored activities were cancelled for the day.[23] At the same time residents were advised by police to remain in their homes and stay off the streets.[52]

An unusually large proportion of the Pittsburgh Jewish community from all denominations participated in local Jewish rituals related to death and mourning. Jewish tradition requires a person to guard a corpse until it is buried. Volunteer guards (shomrim) took one-hour shifts at the Pittsburgh morgue until the bodies were moved to funeral homes. The Atlantic reported "most of the volunteers appeared to be Orthodox, but they felt strong solidarity with the liberal communities that were directly affected by the shooting."[126]

Members of the Pittsburgh Steelers attended the joint funeral service for the Rosenthal brothers on Tuesday, October 30, when NFL teams are traditionally off. The brothers, who were intellectually disabled, had a sister who is a former employee of the team.[127]

Media and organizations

The New York Times published an op-ed by Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO of the Anti-Defamation League, that urged readers to fight against antisemitism and hate.[128]

A CNN editorial described the shooting as one of three hate-incited acts that took place in the United States in the same week, along with a series of mail bombing attempts and the Jeffersontown Kroger shooting.[129]

On October 28, the Empire State Building darkened its lights in honor of the victims. According to the building's Twitter account, the top of the spire was left aglow with "an orange halo shining a light on gun violence awareness".[130] The Eiffel Tower also darkened its lights in tribute to the victims of the shooting.[131] In the wake of the shooting on October 27, the University of Pittsburgh darkened its traditional Victory Lights atop of the Cathedral of Learning,[132] and on November 2, the university altered the Victory Lights so the blue beam would shine for only 11 seconds, one second for every victim who lost their life.[133]

Sports teams that observed a moment of silence for the shooting victims included the Pittsburgh Steelers at their home game against the Cleveland Browns,[134] the New Orleans Saints at the Minnesota Vikings,[135] the Pittsburgh Penguins at the Vancouver Canucks,[136] the Winnipeg Jets at the Toronto Maple Leafs,[137] the Philadelphia Eagles and the Jacksonville Jaguars playing in London,[138] and the Pittsburgh Panthers hosting Duke at Heinz Field.[201] A moment of silence was also observed before Game 4 of the World Series at Dodger Stadium on the night of October 27.[139]

The Pittsburgh Penguins wore jerseys with a patch that read "Stronger Than Hate" for their game against the New York Islanders on October 30. The team announced that, following the game, the team would auction off the jerseys on behalf of the synagogue.[140] Similarly, the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team displayed a "Stronger than Hate" decal on their helmets during the November 2 game visiting the University of Virginia.[141]

Vigils and rallies

On the evening of the shooting, over 3,000 people gathered at the intersection of Murray and Forbes Avenues in Squirrel Hill for an interfaith candlelight vigil organized by students from nearby Taylor Allderdice High School.[142] Two additional vigils were also held in the neighborhood.[35]

The day after the shooting, an interfaith vigil organized by the regional Jewish Federation was held at Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall, drawing an overflow crowd estimated at 2,500.[143] The event was attended by numerous national and local dignitaries, and featured a number of speakers, including the rabbis of the three congregations which occupied the synagogue building, Islamic and Christian clergy, and civic leaders.[144] Among those in attendance were Bill Peduto, mayor of Pittsburgh; Rich Fitzgerald, Allegheny County executive; Senators Bob Casey and Pat Toomey; Governor Tom Wolf; Naftali Bennett, Israeli Minister for Education and Minister for Diaspora Affairs; Ron Dermer, Israeli ambassador to the United States; and Danny Danon, permanent representative of Israel to the United Nations. A video was streamed during the event featuring Israeli president Reuven Rivlin,[145] who offered brief remarks and led the crowd in a recitation of the Kaddish.[146][147]

In the week following the attack, Jewish and interfaith communal vigils and solidarity rallies were held across the world.[148][149] In the United States, these were attended by hundreds or thousands of people,[150] in many locations across the nation.{{efn|These included Ann Arbor, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Buffalo, Charleston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Denver, Houston, Jacksonville, Knoxville, Los Angeles, Madison, Memphis, Middletown, New Haven, New Orleans, New York City, Philadelphia, Portland, Rochester, Salt Lake City, Seattle, St. Louis, Washington, Wilkes-Barre and Woodbridge.[149][151][152][153][154][155][156][157]}} In Canada, they were held in Montreal, Ottawa, Halifax, Vancouver and other places. In Israel, approximately 500 Americans and Israelis lit candles on the night of October 28 at Zion Square in Jerusalem.[149] In Europe, Jewish communal vigils were held in London, Liverpool, Brighton, and Paris.[158][159]

College students at more than one hundred campuses across the country held vigils in the days following the shootings in remembrance of the victims.[160]

The American Jewish Committee and the Jewish Federations of North America called for Jews and non-Jews to attend synagogue services on the Shabbat following the attack, under the hashtag #ShowUpForShabbat. NBC News reported thousands of people around the world attended services in local synagogues, community centers, and college campuses, including Mayor of London Sadiq Khan.[161]

Presidential visit

On October 30, President Donald Trump flew to Pittsburgh on Air Force One, accompanied by First Lady Melania Trump, daughter Ivanka Trump, son-in-law Jared Kushner, and Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin. They first stopped at the synagogue, where they met with Tree of Life spiritual leader Jeffrey Myers and Israeli ambassador to the US Ron Dermer. Trump lit candles for the victims in the vestibule and then went outside to place one small stone on each of the 11 Star-of-David markers of the memorial to those killed there, stones which Trump had brought from the grounds of the White House. Then the group went to UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, where Trump spoke with wounded victims, their families, law enforcement officials, and medical staff.[125]

Trump's visit was discouraged by some in the Pittsburgh community. Pittsburgh mayor Bill Peduto said Trump should not have come, as the wounds were raw and the community was just beginning to mourn and hold funerals.[162] Peduto, with agreement from Allegheny County executive Rich Fitzgerald, also urged Trump to consider "the wills of the families" of the deceased.[163] Over 70,000 people signed an open letter authored by Bend the Arc: Pittsburgh stating Trump was not welcome until he "fully denounces white nationalism".[164] Former Tree of Life president Lynette Lederman also opposed Trump's visit, saying she felt his words were "hypocritical" and that "We have people who stand by us who believe in values, not just Jewish values, but believe in values, and those are the not the values of this president, and I do not welcome him to Pittsburgh".[232][165][166] Before Trump's visit, Tree of Life rabbi Jeffrey Myers said, "There is hate, and it isn't going away. It just seems to be getting worse. ... We've got to stop hate, and it can't just be to say we need to stop hate. We need to do, we need to act to tone down rhetoric," adding that he would welcome a visit from President Trump.[167] Aaron Bisno, the rabbi of Rodef Shalom Congregation, said he did not think Trump's presence was good, and that for many people in the community Trump had become a "symbol of division".[168] During Trump's visit to the synagogue, an estimated 2,000 protesters were cordoned off a few blocks away.[169] Afterward, Rabbi Jeffrey Myers said, "The President was very warm, very consoling."[170]

Neo-Nazis and white supremacists

Among American neo-Nazis and white supremacists, figures such as Andrew Anglin, Matthew Heimbach, and Richard B. Spencer expressed fear that the backlash over the attack could derail their efforts to gain mainstream political acceptance.[239]

4chan users on the /pol/ board viewed the attack as "accidentally redpilling" people and denied the attack, claiming it was a "false flag" done by Jews to gain sympathy. Some users praised the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting and created the hastags #HeroRobertBowers to express support for the shooter on Gab which extended to some users on the site such as a poll that asked which was the best option for Jewish people in the West and at least 35% chose "Genocide" with one user replying "Mass graves. Period. What you tolerate is what will continue" and another poll "Do you support the Pittsburgh synagogue shooter, Robert Bowers?" with almost 25% saying yes with posts such as "Robert Bowers literally did nothing wrong" and "As long as Jews support the indiscriminate genocide of my race, fuck yeah I do" and some images on Gab disseminated expressed similar sentiments.[171][172][173]

Fundraising

Numerous fundraising efforts were launched to assist with medical bills and counseling for survivors of the shooting, burial of the victims, and repairs to the synagogue.[243] As of November 1, a GoFundMe campaign initiated by an Iranian graduate student in Washington, D.C., had exceeded US$1 million in donations,[174] and a new goal of US$1.2 million has also been surpassed. Muslim groups opened a LaunchGood crowdfunding campaign to help pay for the burial of the victims and survivors' medical bills, with the funds to be distributed by the Islamic Center of Pittsburgh.[175][176] As of November 1, that campaign had exceeded its goal of $150,000 with more than $225,000 in contributions.[174] The campaign announced excess funds would be "spent on projects that help foster Muslim-Jewish collaboration, dialogue, and solidarity".[177] The Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh raised $3.65 million for victims by November 13;[178] donations to that organization will be matched by the United Way of Southwestern Pennsylvania and the Pittsburgh Foundation.[179][174] Individual fundraising campaigns for shooting victims in the Dor Hadash and New Light congregations raised nearly $23,000 combined.[180]

A $6.3 million fund was raised for the survivors of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, the families of the 11 dead, and police officers.[181]

See also

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • List of attacks on Jewish institutions in the United States
  • History of antisemitism in the United States
  • History of the Jews in Pittsburgh
  • Lynching of Leo Frank
  • Atlanta Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple bombing
  • 2006 Seattle Jewish Federation shooting
  • Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting
  • Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting
  • United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting
  • Murder of Blaze Bernstein
  • Charleston church shooting
  • Quebec City mosque shooting
  • Jeffersontown Kroger shooting
  • Christchurch mosque shootings
{{div col end}}

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

1. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.wpxi.com/news/top-stories/what-we-know-about-robert-bowers-suspect-in-mass-shooting-at-pittsburgh-synagogue/861071109|title=What we know about Robert Bowers, suspect in mass shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue|date=October 28, 2018|publisher=WPXI|accessdate=October 28, 2018}}
2. ^[https://www.nhpr.org/post/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-called-domestic-terrorism#stream/0 Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting Called Domestic Terrorism], New Hampshire Public Radio
3. ^{{cite web|title=Synagogue Life|url=https://www.tolols.org/fullscreen-page/comp-j65rgtsh/8310e407-9e01-4119-a085-587d95f5e327/0/%3Fi%3D0%26p%3D%26s%3D|publisher=Tree of Life * Or l'Simcha Congregation|access-date=October 27, 2018}}
4. ^1 {{cite news |first1=Avi |last1=Selk |first2=Tim |last2=Craig |first3=Shawn |last3=Boburg |first4=Andrew |last4=Ba Tran |date=October 28, 2018 |accessdate=October 30, 2018 |title='They showed his photo, and my stomach just dropped': Neighbors recall synagogue massacre suspect as a loner |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/28/victims-expected-be-named-after-killed-deadliest-attack-jews-us-history/ }}
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6. ^1 2 3 Torsten Ove, [https://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2019/02/11/Robert-Bowers-accused-Tree-of-Life-synagogue-shootings-arraignment-Pittsburgh/stories/201902110073 Robert Bowers, accused in Tree of Life synagogue shootings, arraigned], Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (February 11, 2019).
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13. ^[https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/27/when-to-call-a-terrorist-a-terrorist/ When to Call a Terrorist a Terrorist], Foreign Policy
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24. ^{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/23b04dc5e5af4129b544ab50cbba3dd6|title=Suspect in custody in Pittsburgh synagogue attack|last=Scolforo|first=Mark|date=October 27, 2018|accessdate=October 27, 2018|agency=Associated Press|last2=Gillispie|first2=Mark}}
25. ^{{cite news |last1=Farzan |first1=Antonia Noori |title=Before synagogue mass shooting, a 1986 murder shook Pittsburgh’s Jewish community |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/29/before-synagogue-mass-shooting-murder-rabbinical-student-shook-pittsburghs-jewish-community/ |accessdate=October 29, 2018 |work=The Washington Post |date=October 29, 2018}}
26. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/attacks-jewish-people-rising-instagram-twitter-researchers-say-n925086|title=Attacks on Jewish people rising on Instagram and Twitter, researchers say|date=October 27, 2018|author=David Ingram|agency=NBC News}}
27. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://qz.com/1440723/pittsburgh-shooting-the-culmination-of-rising-anti-semitism-in-the-us/|title=The Pittsburgh shooting is the culmination of an increase in anti-Semitism in the US|author=Annabelle Timsit|date=October 27, 2018|agency=Quartz}}
28. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/28/rising-antisemitism-worldwide-boils-over-at-pittsburgh-synagogue|title=Rising antisemitism worldwide boils over at Pittsburgh synagogue|author=Harriet Sherwood|date=October 28, 2018|agency=The Guardian}}
29. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/27/us/jewish-hate-crimes-fbi/index.html|title=The Pittsburgh synagogue shooting is believed to be the deadliest attack on Jews in American history, the ADL says|date=October 28, 2018|author=Jay Croft and Saeed Ahmed|agency=CNN}}
30. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/before-shooting-anti-semitic-incidents-were-on-the-rise/2018/10/29/7ad63ce2-db79-11e8-8bac-bfe01fcdc3a6_story.html|title=Anti-Semitic incidents were on the rise even before shooting |date=October 29, 2018|agency=Washington Post|author=David Crary}}
31. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/reports/computational-propaganda-jewish-americans-and-the-2018-midterms-the-amplification#conclusion|title=Computational Propaganda, Jewish-Americans and the 2018 Midterms: The Amplification of Anti-Semitic Harassment Online |agency=Anti-Defamation League|date=October 26, 2018}}
32. ^{{cite news |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/national/what-know-about-tree-life-synagogue/lpCpjJlu2MyQuAtnOKPcKI/ |title=What we know about Tree of Life Synagogue |date=27 October 2018 }}
33. ^1 2 {{Cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/10/28/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-jewish-943666 |title=Officials: Shooter in synagogue attack spoke of killing Jews |last=Griffiths |first=Brent D. |date=October 28, 2018 |work=POLITICO |access-date=October 28, 2018}}
34. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Robertson |first1=Campbell |last2=Mele |first2=Christopher |last3=Tsvrernise |first3=Sabrina |title=11 Killed in Synagogue Massacre; Suspect Charged With 29 Counts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/27/us/active-shooter-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting.html |date=October 27, 2018 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=October 27, 2018 }} - NOTE: please see extensive discussion about "assault rifles" at => Pittsburgh synagogue shooting#"AR-15 rifle" considered an "Assault Weapon" - or Not?
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50. ^{{cite news |title=Names of deceased victims in Squirrel Hill massacre released |trans-title=Officials name deceased victims from Tree of Life shooting; UPMC provides updates on survivors |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2018/10/28/tree-of-life-victims-police-officers-hospitalized-UPMC-Presbyterian-mercy-jewish-synagogue-shooting/stories/201810280178 |accessdate=October 28, 2018 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=October 28, 2018}}
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56. ^{{cite web|publisher=Commonwealth of Pennsylvania |url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5022768-Robert-Bowers-PA-Criminal-Complaint.html |title=Criminal Complaint (PDF) |via=DocumentCloud |date=October 28, 2018 |accessdate=October 31, 2018}}
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64. ^Pittsburgh Post Gazette, Nov 1, 2018"A high school dropout and trucker, Robert Bowers left few footprints — except online" 
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73. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/blog/deadly-shooting-at-pittsburgh-synagogue|title=Deadly Shooting at Pittsburgh Synagogue|date=October 27, 2018|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|quote="First Trump came for the Charlottesville 4 but I kept supporting Trump because he is a better candidate than Hillary Clinton. Then Trump came for RAM but I kept supporting Trump because he is better than Hillary Clinton. Then Trump came for the Proud Boys but I kept supporting Trump because he is better than Hillary Clinton. Then Trump came for me and there was no one left to support"}}
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151. ^{{cite web | last=Hilliard | first=John | title=Emotional vigil in Boston brings people together to mourn Pittsburgh synagogue victims | website=Boston Globe | date=October 28, 2018 | url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/10/28/local-vigils-planned-for-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting/wgiBf7RtA1XPlkvNIpDV0I/story.html | access-date=October 31, 2018}}
152. ^{{cite web | last=MacDonald | first=Evan | title=Greater Cleveland’s Jewish community denounces hatred, calls for solidarity at vigil for Pittsburgh synagogue shooting victims | website=The Plain Dealer | date=October 30, 2018 | url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2018/10/greater-clevelands-jewish-community-denounces-hatred-calls-for-solidarity-at-vigil-for-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-victims.html | access-date=October 31, 2018}}
153. ^{{cite web | last=Hensley | first=Nicole | title=Thousands gather at Jewish Community Center to pray, sing for Pittsburgh shooting victims | website=Houston Chronicle | date=October 28, 2018 | url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Thousands-gather-at-Jewish-Community-Center-to-13343851.php | access-date=October 31, 2018}}
154. ^{{cite web | last=Imlay | first=Ashley | title='Stronger together': Utah Jewish community, leaders unite after Pittsburgh shooting | website=Deseret News | date=October 29, 2018 | url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/900039488/stronger-together-utah-jewish-community-leaders-unite-after-pittsburgh-shooting.html | access-date=October 31, 2018}}
155. ^{{cite web | title=St. Louis Jewish community holds interfaith vigil for Pittsburgh victims | website=St. Louis Post-Dispatch | date=October 28, 2018 | url=https://www.stltoday.com/lifestyles/faith-and-values/st-louis-jewish-community-holds-interfaith-vigil-for-pittsburgh-victims/collection_f750c3bd-d4c6-57a3-9ee1-baa18acfc59b.html | access-date=October 31, 2018}}
156. ^{{cite web | last=Lee | first=Peggy | title=Vigil Held at Wilkes-Barre JCC for Synagogue Shooting Victims | publisher=WNEP | date=October 30, 2018 | url=https://wnep.com/2018/10/29/vigil-held-at-wilkes-barre-jcc-for-synagogue-shooting-victims/ | access-date=October 31, 2018}}
157. ^{{cite web | title=Support, love, candles at Knoxville vigil remembering Pittsburgh shooting | website=Knoxville News Sentinel | date=October 30, 2018 | url=https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/2018/10/29/knoxville-vigil-arnstein-jewish-pittsburgh-shooting/1808409002/ | access-date=October 31, 2018}}
158. ^{{cite web |last1=Sugarman |first1=Daniel |title=UK Jewish communal vigils to take place in response to Pittsburgh synagogue attack |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/uk-jewish-communal-vigils-planned-in-response-to-pittsburgh-synagogue-attack-1.471670 |website=The Jewish Chronicle |accessdate=October 31, 2018 |date=October 29, 2018}}
159. ^Donadio, Rachel. [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/10/frances-jews-pray-pittsburgh/574492/ "France's Jews Look to Pittsburgh 'Across a Narrow Bridge'".] The Atlantic. October 31, 2018. October 31, 2018.
160. ^{{cite web | title=Jewish College Students at Dozens of Hillels on Campuses Across the Country Hold Vigils in Remembrance of Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting Victims | website=Hillel International | date=October 29, 2018 | url=https://www.hillel.org/about/news-views/news-views---blog/news-and-views/2018/10/29/jewish-college-students-at-dozens-of-hillels-on-campuses-across-the-country-hold-vigils-in-remembrance-of-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-victims | access-date=October 31, 2018}}
161. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/thousands-across-globe-showupforshabbat-honor-squirrel-hill-victims-n930851|title=Thousands across the globe #ShowUpForShabbat to honor Squirrel Hill victims|first1=Ezra|last1=Kaplan|first2=Phil|last2=McCausland|date=November 4, 2018|accessdate=November 4, 2018|work=NBC News}}
162. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/30/us/funerals-synagogue-shooting-jewish.html|title=Trump Arrives in Pittsburgh as Many Make Clear His Visit Isn't Welcome|work=The New York Times|date=October 30, 2018 |accessdate=October 30, 2018}}
163. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2018/10/29/Pittsburgh-Squirrel-Hill-mass-shooting-Donald-Trump-visit-Bill-Peduto-request/stories/201810290124|title=Peduto to White House: Talk to shooting victims' families before presidential visit |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|first=Adam|last=Smeltz|date=October 29, 2018|accessdate=October 30, 2018}}
164. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46035970|title=Pittsburgh shooting: First of 11 funerals held for victims|publisher=BBC|date=October 30, 2018|accessdate=October 30, 2018}}
165. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2018/10/29/lynette-lederman-trump-not-welcome-pittsburgh-intv-newday-sot-vpx.cnn|title=Former synagogue president: Trump not welcome|publisher=CNN|date=October 29, 2018|accessdate=October 30, 2018}}
166. ^{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/413583-former-president-of-pittsburgh-synagogue-says-trump-not-welcome-he-is|work=The Hill|first=Avery|last=Anapol|title=synagogue says Trump not welcome: 'He is the purveyor of hate speech'|date=October 29, 2018|accessdate=October 30, 2018}}
167. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/tree-life-rabbi-says-nation-s-leaders-need-tone-down-n925566|title=Tree of Life rabbi says nation's leaders need to 'tone down rhetoric' in fight against hate|publisher=NBC News|date=October 30, 2018|accessdate=October 30, 2018}}
168. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ai56gsZ-CM|title=Pittsburgh Rabbi: President Donald Trump 'Has Become A Symbol Of Division'|first=Hallie|last=Jackson|publisher=NBC News|date=October 30, 2018|accessdate=October 30, 2018}}
169. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/10/31/heres-small-protest-trump-says-he-didnt-see-pittsburgh/|title=Here's the 'small protest' Trump says he didn't see in Pittsburgh|first1=Avi|last1=Selk|first2=Kyle|last2=Swenson|date=October 31, 2018|accessdate=November 1, 2018|work=The Washington Post}}
170. ^Dailey, Ruth Ann (November 4, 2018). "Rabbi, רב, teacher: Rabbi Jeffrey Myers sets an example for all of us". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
171. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/some-neo-nazis-lament-the-pittsburgh-massacre-it-derails-their-efforts-to-be-mainstream/2018/10/30/3163fd9c-dc5f-11e8-85df-7a6b4d25cfbb_story.html|title=Some neo-Nazis lament the Pittsburgh massacre: It derails their efforts to be mainstream|first1=Abigal|last1=Hauslohner|first2=Abby|last2=Olhlheiser|date=October 30, 2018|accessdate=January 10, 2019|work=The Washington Post}}
172. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/10/29/inside-the-online-cesspool-of-anti-semitism-that-housed-robert-bowers-221949|title=Inside the Online Cesspool of Anti-Semitism That Housed Robert Bowers|first=Rita|last=Katz|date=October 29, 2018|access-date=January 10, 2019}}
173. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.adl.org/blog/the-jews-should-count-themselves-lucky-extremists-reaction-to-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting|title="The Jews Should Count Themselves Lucky" Extremists React to Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting|date=October 27, 2018|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|access-date=January 10, 2019}}
174. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2018/11/01/Tree-Life-fundraising-Shay-Khatiri-GoFundMe-donations-million-dollars-Pittsburgh/stories/201811010133|title=Iranian raises $1 million for Tree of Life, gets showered with offers of Steelers, Penguins tickets|first=Gary|last=Rotstein|date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 3, 2018|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette}}
175. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-u-s-muslims-raise-190-000-for-burial-of-pittsburgh-victims-1.6610817|title= U.S. Muslims Raise $190,000 for Burial of Jewish Pittsburgh Victims|first= Samira |last=Sadeque|date=October 30, 2018|accessdate=October 31, 2018|work=Haaretz}}
176. ^{{cite web |url= https://forward.com/fast-forward/412885/muslims-raise-more-than-180k-for-pittsburgh-synagogue-victims/|title=Muslims Raise More Than $180K For Pittsburgh Synagogue Victims|first=Alyssa|last=Fisher|date=October 30, 2018|accessdate=October 30, 2018|work=The Forward}}
177. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.launchgood.com/project/muslims_unite_for_pittsburgh_synagogue#!/|title=Muslims Unite for Pittsburgh Synagogue|publisher=LaunchGood|year=2018|accessdate=November 16, 2018}}
178. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/faith-religion/2018/11/13/Jewish-Federation-readying-to-distribute-donations-to-Tree-of-Life-shooting-victims-Jewish-Federation-of-Greater-Pittsburgh-funds-money/stories/201811130176|title=Jewish Federation readying to distribute donations to Tree of Life shooting victims|first=Andrew|last=Goldstein|date=November 14, 2018|accessdate=November 16, 2018}}
179. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/crime-courts/2018/10/29/Tree-of-Life-fundraising-synagogue-Pittsburgh-shootings-GoFundMe-donations-Khatiri/stories/201810290148|title=In the wake of tragedy, more than $1 million in donations pours in|first=Gary|last=Rotstein|date=October 29, 2018|accessdate=October 30, 2018|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette}}
180. ^{{cite news |work=The Forward |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/413552/as-tree-of-life-gofundme-hits-1m-other-synagogues-affected-get-left-behind/ |title=As Tree Of Life GoFundMe Hits $1M, Other Synagogues Affected Get Left Behind |first=Aiden |last=Pink |date=4 November 2018 |access-date=20 November 2018}}
181. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/news/faith-religion/2019/03/05/Tree-of-Life-Synagogue-Pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-massacre-compensation-victims-fund-Robert-Bowers-201903050086|title=Millions from Tree of Life donations go to survivors, congregations, and police|last=Smith|first=Peter|access-date=March 5, 2019|date=March 5, 2019}}

External links

{{Sister project links |wikt=no |n=no |s=no |b=no |v=no}}
  • [https://www.tolols.org/ Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation official website]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20180406194116/http://dorhadash.net:80/ {{H:title|Archived|Congregation Dor Hadash official website}}]
  • [https://newlightcongregation.org New Light Congregation official website]
  • [https://archive.today/20181027152850/https://gab.com/onedingo Official Gab account of the suspect], [https://web.archive.org/web/20181027160428/https:/imgur.com/a/cwB9QkR second archive], [https://youtube.com/watch?v=pyls1iHHmwo A YouTube video featuring the feed of the suspect's account with a police scanner],
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQ92z_jGf9w Vigil for Pittsburgh shooting victims]
{{Alt-right}}{{Massacres or pogroms against Jews}}{{Neo-Nazism}}{{Portal bar|2010s|Discrimination|Judaism|Pittsburgh}}

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