词条 | Placental microbiome | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
The placental microbiome is the nonpathogenic, commensal bacteria claimed to be present in a healthy human placenta and is distinct from bacteria that cause infection and preterm birth in chorioamnionitis.[1] Until recently, the healthy placenta was considered to be a sterile organ but now genera and species have been identified that reside in the basal layer.[2][1] It should be stressed that the evidence for a placental microbiome is controversial.[3][4] Most studies supporting the existence of a placental microbiome lack the appropriate experimental controls, and it has been found that contamination is most likely responsible for reports of a placental microbiome.[3][5] The placental microbiome more closely resembles that of the oral microbiome than either the vaginal or rectal microbiome.[6] Changes in the microbiome can result is disease.[7] Bacterial species and generaCulturable and non-culturable bacterial species in the placenta obtained following normal term pregnancy have been identified.
In a healthy placental microbiome, the diversity of the species and genera is extensive.[6] A change in the composition of the microbiota in the placenta is associated with excess gestational weight gain, and pre-term birth.[14] The placental microbiota varies between low birth weight infants and those infants with normal birth weights.[15] While bacteria are often found in the amniotic fluid of failed pregnancies, they are also found in particulate matter that is found in about 1% of healthy pregnancies.[11] In non-human animals, part of the microbiome is passed onto offspring even before the offspring are born. Bacteriologists assume that the same probably holds true for humans.[11] ResearchFuture research may find that the microbiota of the female reproductive tract may be related to pregnancy, conception, and birth. Animal studies have been used to investigate the relationship between oral microbiota and the placental microbiota. Mice inoculated with species of oral bacteria demonstrated placental colonization soon afterwards.[16] HistoryInvestigations into reproductive-associated microbiomes began around 1885 by Theodor Escherich. He wrote that meconium from the newborn was free of bacteria. This was interpreted as the uterine environment was sterile. Other investigations used sterile diapers for meconium collection. No bacteria were able to be cultured from the samples. Bacteria were detected and were directly proportional to the time between birth and the passage of meconium. A 1927 study demonstrated the presence of bacteria in the amniotic fluid of those that were in labor for longer than six hours.[17] See also
References1. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Stout MJ, Conlon B, Landeau M, Lee I, Bower C, Zhao Q, Roehl KA, Nelson DM, Macones GA, Mysorekar IU |title=Identification of intracellular bacteria in the basal plate of the human placenta in term and preterm gestations |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=208 |issue=3 |pages=226.e1–7 |year=2013 |pmid=23333552 |pmc=3740162 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2013.01.018 }} {{Microbiota}}2. ^{{cite book|title=Microbiota of the Human Body|last1=Schwiertz|first1=Andreas|last2=Rusch|first2=Volker|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=978-3-319-31248-4|editor1-last=Schwiertz|editor1-first=Andreas|series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology|volume=|location=|pages=1–3|chapter=A Short Definition of Terms|doi=}} 3. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Perez-Muñoz|first=Maria Elisa|last2=Arrieta|first2=Marie-Claire|last3=Ramer-Tait|first3=Amanda E.|last4=Walter|first4=Jens|date=2017-04-28|title=A critical assessment of the “sterile womb” and “in utero colonization” hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0268-4|journal=Microbiome|volume=5|pages=48|doi=10.1186/s40168-017-0268-4|issn=2049-2618}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kliman|first=Harvey J.|date=2014-09-17|title=Comment on “The placenta harbors a unique microbiome”|url=http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/6/254/254le4|journal=Science Translational Medicine|language=en|volume=6|issue=254|pages=254le4–254le4|doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.3009864|issn=1946-6234|pmid=25232175}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lauder|first=Abigail P.|last2=Roche|first2=Aoife M.|last3=Sherrill-Mix|first3=Scott|last4=Bailey|first4=Aubrey|last5=Laughlin|first5=Alice L.|last6=Bittinger|first6=Kyle|last7=Leite|first7=Rita|last8=Elovitz|first8=Michal A.|last9=Parry|first9=Samuel|date=2016-06-23|title=Comparison of placenta samples with contamination controls does not provide evidence for a distinct placenta microbiota|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-016-0172-3|journal=Microbiome|volume=4|pages=29|doi=10.1186/s40168-016-0172-3|issn=2049-2618}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |vauthors=Fox C, Eichelberger K |title=Maternal microbiome and pregnancy outcomes |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=104 |issue=6 |pages=1358–63 |year=2015 |pmid=26493119 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.09.037 }} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Braundmeier|first=Andrea G.|last2=Lenz|first2=Katherine M.|last3=Inman|first3=Kristin S.|last4=Chia|first4=Nicholas|last5=Jeraldo|first5=Patricio|last6=Walther-António|first6=Marina R. S.|last7=Miller|first7=Berg|last8=E|first8=Margret|last9=Yang|first9=Fang|date=2015|title=Individualized medicine and the microbiome in reproductive tract|url=http://www.frontiersin.org/Clinical_and_Translational_Physiology/10.3389/fphys.2015.00097/abstract|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|language=English|volume=6|doi=10.3389/fphys.2015.00097|issn=1664-042X}} 8. ^{{cite journal|vauthors=Yarbrough VL, Winkle S, Herbst-Kralovetz MM|year=2015|title=Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: a critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=21|issue=3|pages=353–77|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmu065|pmid=25547201}} 9. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Mor G, Kwon JY |title=Trophoblast-microbiome interaction: a new paradigm on immune regulation |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=213 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=S131–7 |year=2015 |pmid=26428492 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.039 }} 10. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/e.coli.html |title=Pathogenic E. coli |accessdate=2007-11-30 |last=Todar |first=K. |work=Online Textbook of Bacteriology |publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Bacteriology}} 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal|vauthors=Wassenaar TM, Panigrahi P|year=2014|title=Is a foetus developing in a sterile environment?|journal=Letters in Applied Microbiology|volume=59|issue=6|pages=572–9|doi=10.1111/lam.12334|pmid=25273890}} 12. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Prince AL, Antony KM, Chu DM, Aagaard KM |title=The microbiome, parturition, and timing of birth: more questions than answers |journal=Journal of Reproductive Immunology |volume=104-105 |issue= |pages=12–9 |year=2014 |pmid=24793619 |pmc=4157949 |doi=10.1016/j.jri.2014.03.006 }} 13. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Hitti J, Hillier SL, Agnew KJ, Krohn MA, Reisner DP, Eschenbach DA |title=Vaginal indicators of amniotic fluid infection in preterm labor |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=211–9 |year=2001 |pmid=11165584 |doi=10.1016/s0029-7844(00)01146-7}} 14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite journal |vauthors=Antony KM, Ma J, Mitchell KB, Racusin DA, Versalovic J, Aagaard K |title=The preterm placental microbiome varies in association with excess maternal gestational weight gain |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=212 |issue=5 |pages=653.e1–16 |year=2015 |pmid=25557210 |pmc=4892181 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2014.12.041 }} 15. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Zheng J, Xiao X, Zhang Q, Mao L, Yu M, Xu J |title=The Placental Microbiome Varies in Association with Low Birth Weight in Full-Term Neonates |journal=Nutrients |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=6924–37 |year=2015 |pmid=26287241 |pmc=4555154 |doi=10.3390/nu7085315 }} 16. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794922809|title=The Human Microbiota : How Microbial Communities Affect Health and Disease|last=|first=|date=2013|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|others=Fredricks, David N.|year=|isbn=9780470479896|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|pages=156, 169|oclc=794922809}} 17. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Perez-Muñoz ME, Arrieta MC, Ramer-Tait AE, Walter J |title=A critical assessment of the "sterile womb" and "in utero colonization" hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome |journal=Microbiome |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=48 |year=2017 |pmid=28454555 |pmc=5410102 |doi=10.1186/s40168-017-0268-4 }} 5 : Bacteriology|Microbiology|Feminine hygiene|Vagina|Microbiomes |
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